Biomedical applications of multinuclear Pt(II)/Ru(II)/Ir(III) metallo-supramolecular assemblies for intensive cancer therapy

Molecularly Engineered Room-Temperature Phosphorescence for Biomedical Application: From the Visible toward Second Near-Infrared Window

“…Currently, although the content of noble metals in such transition metal complexes is relatively low and no acute in vivo toxicity studies have been reported for these inorganic nanoparticles, the potential cytotoxicity inherent to aromatic π-systems and cyclo-coordinated metal core, as well as long-term physiological effects, require careful investigate to advance their clinical applications (Figure a). Moreover, the dosages of these noble metal-containing optical materials into mouse models are always around the range of hundreds of micrograms per animal, whereas the low contents of metal ions are still well-known to show severe dose-limiting toxic side effects . To fully extend applications of room-temperature phosphorescence in life science, the fabrication of alternative optical materials composed of purely organic ingredients becomes essential.…”

“…Moreover, the dosages of these noble metal-containing optical materials into mouse models are always around the range of hundreds of micrograms per animal, whereas the low contents of metal ions are still wellknown to show severe dose-limiting toxic side effects. 545 To fully extend applications of room-temperature phosphorescence in life science, the fabrication of alternative optical materials composed of purely organic ingredients becomes essential. To date, functional polymers as the rigid matrices stand out from many other organic materials due to their simple diverse synthesis methods and ease of processing.…”

Strategies to address key challenges of metallacycle/metallacage-based supramolecular coordination complexes in biomedical applications

“…14,15 Supramolecular coordination complexes (SCCs) developed by Verkade, 16 Fujita, 17,18 Stang, 19,20 Nitschke, 21–23 Therrien, 24 Newkome, 25 Raymond, 26,27 and Mirkin 28,29 have been intensively researched in the fields of functional polymers, molecular imaging, catalysis, biomedicine, sensing, and more. 30–37…”

“…This capability plays a significant role in enhancing therapeutic modalities, overcoming the limitations of traditional therapeutic methods, and advancing theranostics, among other biomedical applications. 30–32 For instance, to enhance the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), SCCs can be assembled using Pt( ii )–N or Ru( ii )–N coordination bonds. These bonds leverage the heavy atom effect to facilitate intersystem crossing relaxation, increasing the yield of ROS in photodynamic therapy (PDT).…”

A hetero-bimetallic Ru(ii)–Ir(iii) photosensitizer for effective cancer photodynamic therapy under hypoxia

“…6 The enormous potential of metal complexes for PDT has been summarized in many recent reviews. 7 However, reports so far have focused on mononuclear complexes as type-II photosensitizers, which increase the excited state lifetimes and thus enhance their ability to transfer energy to oxygen by adjusting the ligands. 8 By contrast, two metal centers of dinuclear complexes may exist in coupled interactions and exhibit unique excited states, photoinduced electrons, and energy transfer processes, giving access to peculiar photophysical and photochemical properties.…”