Biomimetic Strategies for Bone Repair and Regeneration

Abstract

The osseointegration rate of implants is related to their composition and surface roughness. Implant roughness favors both bone anchoring and biomechanical stability. Osteoconductive calcium phosphate (Ca-P) coatings promote bone healing and apposition, leading to the rapid biological fixation of implants. It has been clearly shown in many publications that Ca-P coating accelerates bone formation around the implant. This review discusses two main routes for the manufacturing of polymer-based osteoconductive scaffolds for tissue engineering, namely the incorporation of bioceramic particles in the scaffold and the coating of a scaffold with a thin layer of apatite through a biomimetic process.

Behaviour of human mesenchymal stem cells on chemically synthesized HA-PCL scaffolds for hard tissue regeneration

“…Dental practice has always been based on conventional, non‐cell‐based therapies that rely on durable materials from outside the patient's body (Schulein, ). In contrast to conventional materials, tissue engineering is a multi‐disciplinary field focused on the development of materials and strategies to replace damaged or lost tissues for biological materials (Rosa et al ., ; Raucci et al ., ). In the craniofacial field, the tissue‐engineering approach relies on the principle that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are virtually capable of generating all craniofacial structures, such as the mandibular condyle, calvarial bone and cranial sutures (Mao et al ., ).…”

A novel pathway for in situ synthesis of modified gelatin microspheres by silane coupling agents as a bioactive platform

“…A standard approach for biomimetic deposition of calcium phosphate layers on the surface of constructs is the immersion of the samples in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution under pH and temperature of the human body in order to improve bone compatibility . This cost‐effective technique causes the precipitation of osteogenic agents on the surface of bioactive platforms and preserves temperature and acid‐sensitive materials during coating procedure . Furthermore, simulation of in vivo mineralization in laboratory scale makes scientists understand better the sample‐tissue interactions.…”

“…29,30 This costeffective technique causes the precipitation of osteogenic agents on the surface of bioactive platforms and preserves temperature and acid-sensitive materials during coating procedure. 31 Furthermore, simulation of in vivo mineralization in laboratory scale makes scientists understand better the sample-tissue interactions. Si et al 32 coated crystalline HA on the poly(ε-caprolactone) fibers as fast as possible through soaking the matrix in SBF solution without addition of any chemical compounds.…”

Gellan gum‐hydroxyapatite composite spongy‐like hydrogels for bone tissue engineering

“…Being bone a natural composite material, its architecture stems from the effective integration of the organic (collagen) and the inorganic (hydroxyapatite) phases, and an excellent balance between these components' strength and weaknesses, on which its ultimate functionality is deeply dependent . Therefore, in order to emulate the optimal interaction of bone matrix's diverse components, scientists are pursuing the development of new biomimetic bone TE approaches by producing multi‐component organic/inorganic systems . The creation of such systems could suit better the mechanical and physiological demands of the host tissue, combining the flexibility, toughness, and bioresorbability of biodegradable polymers with the stiffness, strength, osteoinductivity, and conductivity of the inorganic phases.…”