“…The working flow is water with the flow rate of 300 μL/h at the maximum and the diffusion coefficient of the drug was chosen to be lower than the average used for most drugs in the literature to ensure the universality of the design. All the equations and their validity for microchip design and simulation align with previously published studies on microfluidic systems [42,44,54,55].…”
Physicochemical conditions play a key role in the development of biofilm removal strategies. This study presents an integrated, double-layer, high-throughput microfluidic chip for real-time screening of the combined effect of antibiotic concentration and fluid shear stress (FSS) on biofilms. Biofilms of Escherichia coli LF82 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested against gentamicin and streptomycin to examine the time dependent effects of concentration and FSS on the integrity of the biofilm. A MatLab image analysis method was developed to measure the bacterial surface coverage and total fluorescent intensity of the biofilms before and after each treatment. The chip consists of two layers. The top layer contains the concentration gradient generator (CGG) capable of diluting the input drug linearly into four concentrations. The bottom layer contains four expanding FSS chambers imposing three different FSSs on cultured biofilms. As a result, 12 combinatorial states of concentration and FSS can be investigated on the biofilm simultaneously. Our proof-of-concept study revealed that the reduction of E. coli biofilms was directly dependent upon both antibacterial dose and shear intensity, whereas the P. aeruginosa biofilms were not impacted as significantly. This confirmed that the effectiveness of biofilm removal is dependent on bacterial species and the environment. Our experimental system could be used to investigate the physicochemical responses of other biofilms or to assess the effectiveness of biofilm removal methods.
“…The working flow is water with the flow rate of 300 μL/h at the maximum and the diffusion coefficient of the drug was chosen to be lower than the average used for most drugs in the literature to ensure the universality of the design. All the equations and their validity for microchip design and simulation align with previously published studies on microfluidic systems [42,44,54,55].…”
Physicochemical conditions play a key role in the development of biofilm removal strategies. This study presents an integrated, double-layer, high-throughput microfluidic chip for real-time screening of the combined effect of antibiotic concentration and fluid shear stress (FSS) on biofilms. Biofilms of Escherichia coli LF82 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested against gentamicin and streptomycin to examine the time dependent effects of concentration and FSS on the integrity of the biofilm. A MatLab image analysis method was developed to measure the bacterial surface coverage and total fluorescent intensity of the biofilms before and after each treatment. The chip consists of two layers. The top layer contains the concentration gradient generator (CGG) capable of diluting the input drug linearly into four concentrations. The bottom layer contains four expanding FSS chambers imposing three different FSSs on cultured biofilms. As a result, 12 combinatorial states of concentration and FSS can be investigated on the biofilm simultaneously. Our proof-of-concept study revealed that the reduction of E. coli biofilms was directly dependent upon both antibacterial dose and shear intensity, whereas the P. aeruginosa biofilms were not impacted as significantly. This confirmed that the effectiveness of biofilm removal is dependent on bacterial species and the environment. Our experimental system could be used to investigate the physicochemical responses of other biofilms or to assess the effectiveness of biofilm removal methods.
“…Another attempt for accelerating the degradation rates of alginate is focused on chemically modifying its molecular structures. For example, the partially oxidized alginate [ 54 ], which is produced by employing sodium periodate to oxidize alginate resulting in newly-generated aldehyde groups, exhibits significantly accelerated degradation rates than non-modified alginates [ 55 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Strategies For Improving the Bioink Performancesmentioning
“…Meanwhile, it also inherits the properties of collagen to promote cell adhesion. Compared with the abovementioned Pluronic F127, the advantage of gelatin for organ manufacturing is that it has excellent bioactivities with rapid biodegradation rates [ 96 , 97 , 98 ]. When it is implanted in vivo, there are no biodegradable residues affecting the biochemical cycles.…”
Section: Sacrificial Biomaterials Based On Physical Principlesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…So, gelatin has been widely used in direct bioprinting technologies from the very beginning as an ideal natural biomaterial ( Figure 3 and Figure 4 ). Particularly, gelatin has also been widely used as a sacrificial biomaterial in 3D bioprinting because of its temperature-sensitive properties [ 96 , 97 , 98 ].…”
Section: Sacrificial Biomaterials Based On Physical Principlesmentioning
Additive manufacturing, also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, relates to several rapid prototyping (RP) technologies, and has shown great potential in the manufacture of organoids and even complex bioartificial organs. A major challenge for 3D bioprinting complex org unit ans is the competitive requirements with respect to structural biomimeticability, material integrability, and functional manufacturability. Over the past several years, 3D bioprinting based on sacrificial templates has shown its unique advantages in building hierarchical vascular networks in complex organs. Sacrificial biomaterials as supporting structures have been used widely in the construction of tubular tissues. The advent of suspension printing has enabled the precise printing of some soft biomaterials (e.g., collagen and fibrinogen), which were previously considered unprintable singly with cells. In addition, the introduction of sacrificial biomaterials can improve the porosity of biomaterials, making the printed structures more favorable for cell proliferation, migration and connection. In this review, we mainly consider the latest developments and applications of 3D bioprinting based on the strategy of sacrificial biomaterials, discuss the basic principles of sacrificial templates, and look forward to the broad prospects of this approach for complex organ engineering or manufacturing.
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