Bioprospecting the antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiproliferative activity of Symplocos racemosa Roxb. Bark phytoconstituents along with their biosafety evaluation and detection of antimicrobial components by GC-MS

Abstract

Background: The increased occurrence of the antibiotic resistance has added up to the misery of mankind. There is an immediate need to search alternatives and Symplocos racemosa is one such potent medicinal plant . The aim of the study was to explore various activities of its phytoconstituents, confirm their biosafety and identify the active components.Methods: The ethylacetate extract and the major group of phytoconstituents were tested for minimal inhibitory concentration, viable cell count studies, Post antibiotic effect, activity against 34 multi-drug resistant microorganisms, anti-biofilm and anti proliferative potential. The biosafety was evaluated by Ames and MTT assay. In vivo safety of flavonoids was determined by acute oral toxicity test using Swiss albino mice. The antimicrobial components in flavonoids were also identified by using TLC and GC-MS analysis.Results: Ethyl acetate was the best organic extractant. The phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins, triterpenes and Phytosterols. Flavonoids exhibited the highest antimicrobial potential whereas tannins, triterpenes and phytosterols were completely inactive. Their Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ranged from 0.5-10 mg/ml; exhibited a bactericidal mode of action and a prolonged post antibiotic effect. The phytoconstituents displayed a significant antibiofilm potential by inhibiting the initial cell attachment, disrupting the pre-formed biofilms and reducing the metabolic activity of biofilms. The phytoconstituents were significantly active against the drug-resistant strains of E.coli , MRSA and Salmonella spp. Flavonoids showed significant cytotoxic effect against the RD, L20B and Hep2 cell lines (IC 50 361-494 µg/ml). All the test extracts were biosafe as depicted by the Ames test, MTT assay. Also, flavonoids did not induce any abnormality in biochemical parameters and Organs’ histopathology of the Swiss albino mice during the in vivo acute oral toxicity studies. The flavonoids were resolve into 4 bands (S1-S4) using TLC, where S3 was the most active and its GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of Bicyclo [2.2.1]heptan-2-one,1,7,7-trimethyl-, (1S)- at an RT of 11.14 as the major compound.Conclusions: These findings suggest that Symplocos racemosa bark could be a potential source of antimicrobial metabolites, which could substantially contribute to the arsenal of existing natural drugs for combating the antimicrobial resistance.

ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY Symplocos racemosa (LODHRA) AND Cinnamon cassia (CINNAMON BARK) FORMULATION SYNTHESISED SILVER NANOPARTICLES

“…A traditional medicine used by Ayurveda interpreters is called lodhra (4). All components of the lodhra plant, including the roots, bark, and leaves, are utilised for a variety of medicinal conditions, but the stem-which comes from a tree in the genus Symplocos-is the most beneficial (5). It is extensively utilised in many Ayurvedic medications (6).…”

In vitro Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Symplocos racemosa Using Protein Denaturation Assay

“…Recently there is considerable awareness and interest in the field of herbal medicine due to its natural origin and lesser side effects compared to Allopathy [2]. Selected herbal plants like Symplocos racemosa, commonly known as lodhra, are found mainly in plains and lower hills of Bengal [3] . Symplocos racemosa grow up to 6-8.5m tall, found in the plains and lower hills throughout north and East India, ascending in the Himalayas up to an elevation of 1400 m, Bengal, Assam and Chota Nagpur [4].…”