Bioremediasi Logam Berat Oleh Fungi Laut

Abstract

Heavy metals are compounds that have high toxicity and can cause serious health problems for humans and pose a serious threat to the sustainability of the ecosystem. Prokaryota microorganisms and eukaryotes have the ability to process bioremediation of heavy metals in the environment. Marine fungi as eukaryotic microbes that have high species diversity. The ability to live in marine fungi is influenced by environmental factors that differ from the terrestrial environment such as temperature, pressure, and salinity. Marine fungi have a characteristic structure of metabolites and their ability to bioremediate heavy metals in various processes, namely bioaccumulation, biomineralization, biosorption, and biotransformation. Bioremediation of heavy metals by marine fungi is related to the composition of cell wall structures that have many crosslinking polysaccharides (chitin, chitosan, glucans), glucuronic acid, galactosamine, a small amount of glycoprotein, together with melanin and phenolic polymers containing phenolic units, peptides, fatty acids, which provides quite a lot of oxygen-containing groups such as carboxyl, carbonyl, amino, hydroxyl, phosphate, methoxy and mercapto which are potentially metal binding sites.

Remediation of Ex-Unlicensed Gold Mining Using Rice Husk Biochar: its Effect on Reducing Mercury Levels

“…Sifat dari merkuri tersebut berpotensi untuk membahayakan makhluk hidup dan ekosistem, terutama sifat toksik. Menurut (Lubis, 2020) bahwa kriteria logam berat dikatakan bersifat toksik antara lain: (a) Memiliki daya toksisitas tinggi didalam tanah; (b) Adanya kerusakan secara fisiologis bagi makhluk hidup akibat bioakumulasi dan biosorpsi logam; (c) Logam berat tidak dapat terdegredasi dengan cepat melainkan bertransformasi valensi saja. Lebih lanjut, proporsi sumber antropogenik yang tersebar didunia saat ini antara lain penambangan emas skala kecil 38%, pembakaran batubara 25%, produksi logam non besi (Al, Cu, Pb, Zn) 10%, produksi semen 9%, penambangan emas skala besar and pembuangan limbah 10% dan lainnya 8% (AMAP, 2013).…”