Biosensors and biochips: advances in biological and medical diagnostics

Abstract

In the past two decades, the biological and medical fields have seen great advances in the development of biosensors and biochips capable of characterizing and quantifying biomolecules. This review is meant to provide an overview of the various types of biosensors and biochips that have been developed for biological and medical applications, along with significant advances over the last several years in these technologies. It also attempts to describe various classification schemes that can be used for categorizing the different biosensors and provide relevant examples of these classification schemes from recent literature.

Emprego de monocamadas auto-organizadas no desenvolvimento de sensores eletroquímicos

“…O desenvolvimento de sensores eletroquímicos é uma das áreas de maior e mais rápido crescimento dentro da Química Analítica, principalmente devido aos novos desafios impostos por amostras de interesse industrial, clínico e ambiental, que têm levado a uma crescente busca por sensores com melhores características, tais como alta sensibilidade, seletividade e estabilidade [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] . Apesar da grande versatilidade e perspectivas apresentadas pelos sensores eletroquímicos, a utilidade de um eletrodo é muitas vezes limitada devido a uma passivação gradual de sua superfície, que é conseqüência principalmente da adsorção dos produtos da própria reação de óxido-redução utilizada na detecção, ou ainda, dos sub-produtos destas reações que podem se polimerizar e se depositar sobre a superfície dos eletrodos 6 .…”

Direct detection of antibody–antigen binding using an on-chip artificial pore

“…These traits have led to the development of a number of important immunosensing techniques in which antibodies of a desired specificity are used to test for the presence of a given antigen (1)(2)(3)(4). For example, RIAs have been used in clinical settings to screen for such viruses as hepatitis (5).…”

Enzyme-Based Fluorescent Biosensors and Their Environmental, Clinical and Industrial Applications

“…Enzymes used in biosensors are often chosen because of their binding properties and catalytic activity [6].…”

“…The demand for developing new detection methods, increasing interest in visualization techniques [1][2][3], emphasis placed on new drug discovery programs [4], diagnostic test development [5][6][7], and attempts to explain cellular action mechanisms and to trace a cell's metabolism pathway [7,8], and the possibility of using biosensors in numerous fields of application, (for example: medicine [9-11], environmental protection [12-14, 16-17], food industry [18], and defense industry [19]) has results in an increasing number of research projects targeted at biosensor design and fabrication. Biosensors used in environmental monitoring measure the toxicity effect based on the detection of a chemical compound or compound group by selective recognition of a biomolecule in the receptor layer and then by detection of a signal after passing through the transducer layer [16].…”