Biosensors—Recent Advances and Future Challenges in Electrode Materials

213

111

The detection of glucose is crucial in the management of diabetes and other medical conditions but also crucial in a wide range of industries such as food and beverages. The development of glucose sensors in the past century has allowed diabetic patients to effectively manage their disease and has saved lives. First-generation glucose sensors have considerable limitations in sensitivity and selectivity which has spurred the development of more advanced approaches for both the medical and industrial sectors. The wide range of application areas has resulted in a range of materials and fabrication techniques to produce novel glucose sensors that have higher sensitivity and selectivity, lower cost, and are simpler to use. A major focus has been on the development of enzymatic electrochemical sensors, typically using glucose oxidase. However, non-enzymatic approaches using direct electrochemistry of glucose on noble metals are now a viable approach in glucose biosensor design. This review discusses the mechanisms of electrochemical glucose sensing with a focus on the different generations of enzymatic-based sensors, their recent advances, and provides an overview of the next generation of non-enzymatic sensors. Advancements in manufacturing techniques and materials are key in propelling the field of glucose sensing, however, significant limitations remain which are highlighted in this review and requires addressing to obtain a more stable, sensitive, selective, cost efficient, and real-time glucose sensor.

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensing

Hassan

Vyas

Grieve

et al. 2021

213

111

“…Graphene is a carbon material with high electrical conductivity, resulting from sp 2 -hybridized carbon atoms with out-of-plane π bonds [ 6 ]. Despite unique physical, chemical, mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, pristine graphene is rarely used for the fabrication of biosensors due to its high cost and lack of manufacturing scalability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced Graphene Oxide and Polyaniline Nanofibers Nanocomposite for the Development of an Amperometric Glucose Biosensor

Popov

Aukštakojytė

Gaidukevič

et al. 2021

The control of glucose concentration is a crucial factor in clinical diagnosis and the food industry. Electrochemical biosensors based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and conducting polymers have a high potential for practical application. A novel thermal reduction protocol of graphene oxide (GO) in the presence of malonic acid was applied for the synthesis of rGO. The rGO was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. rGO in combination with polyaniline (PANI), Nafion, and glucose oxidase (GOx) was used to develop an amperometric glucose biosensor. A graphite rod (GR) electrode premodified with a dispersion of PANI nanostructures and rGO, Nafion, and GOx was proposed as the working electrode of the biosensor. The optimal ratio of PANI and rGO in the dispersion used as a matrix for GOx immobilization was equal to 1:10. The developed glucose biosensor was characterized by a wide linear range (from 0.5 to 50 mM), low limit of detection (0.089 mM), good selectivity, reproducibility, and stability. Therefore, the developed biosensor is suitable for glucose determination in human serum. The PANI nanostructure and rGO dispersion is a promising material for the construction of electrochemical glucose biosensors.

“…The main challenge for commercial bioanalytical devices commonly lies in the material used as an interface. This material must be biocompatible or able to generate a bio-friendly environment, have a high surface area, be easy to manufacture, and, for electrochemical biosensors, have intrinsic conductivity [ 16 ]. In addition, when the target analyte is a large biomolecule, such as a nucleic acid or protein, additional challenges exist related to surface fouling and non-specific adsorption of molecules at its interface [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Parameters of a Novel Glucose Biosensor Based on Grafted PFM as a Covalent Immobilization Technique

Artigues¹,

Gilabert‐Porres²,

Texidó³

et al. 2021

Bioanalytical methods, in particular electrochemical biosensors, are increasingly used in different industrial sectors due to their simplicity, low cost, and fast response. However, to be able to reliably use this type of device, it is necessary to undertake in-depth evaluation of their fundamental analytical parameters. In this work, analytical parameters of an amperometric biosensor based on covalent immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) were evaluated. GOx was immobilized using plasma-grafted pentafluorophenyl methacrylate (pgPFM) as an anchor onto a tailored HEMA-co-EGDA hydrogel that coats a titanium dioxide nanotubes array (TiO2NTAs). Finally, chitosan was used to protect the enzyme molecules. The biosensor offered outstanding analytical parameters: repeatability (RSD = 1.7%), reproducibility (RSD = 1.3%), accuracy (deviation = 4.8%), and robustness (RSD = 2.4%). In addition, the Ti/TiO2NTAs/ppHEMA-co-EGDA/pgPFM/GOx/Chitosan biosensor showed good long-term stability; after 20 days, it retained 89% of its initial sensitivity. Finally, glucose concentrations of different food samples were measured and compared using an official standard method (HPLC). Deviation was lower than 10% in all measured samples. Therefore, the developed biosensor can be considered to be a reliable analytical tool for quantification measurements.