Biosynthesis of Astaxanthin as a Main Carotenoid in the Heterobasidiomycetous Yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

Barredo, José Luis; Garcı́a-Estrada, Carlos; Kosalková, Katarina; Barreiro, Carlos

doi:10.3390/jof3030044

Cited by 104 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 100 publications

(121 reference statements)

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“…Due to their antioxidant and cytoprotective properties, carotenoids and their derivatives (i.e., apocarotenoids) are high-value supplements for the food, feed, beverage, and nutraceuticals/nutricosmetics industries [215][216][217]. The global market value for carotenoids is projected to reach US $1.53 billion by 2021 with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.9% [214,218]. Among different types of carotenoids, astaxanthin is more bioactive than zeaxanthin, lutein, and β-carotene, which is mainly due to the presence of a keto-and a hydroxyl group on each end of its molecule [219].…”

Section: Carotenoids (Tetraterpenoids)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for the production of biochemicals in bioenergy crops

Lin

Eudes

2020

Biotechnol Biofuels

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Industrial crops are grown to produce goods for manufacturing. Rather than food and feed, they supply raw materials for making biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and specialty chemicals, as well as feedstocks for fabricating fiber, biopolymer, and construction materials. Therefore, such crops offer the potential to reduce our dependency on petrochemicals that currently serve as building blocks for manufacturing the majority of our industrial and consumer products. In this review, we are providing examples of metabolites synthesized in plants that can be used as bio-based platform chemicals for partial replacement of their petroleum-derived counterparts. Plant metabolic engineering approaches aiming at increasing the content of these metabolites in biomass are presented. In particular, we emphasize on recent advances in the manipulation of the shikimate and isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways, both of which being the source of multiple valuable compounds. Implementing and optimizing engineered metabolic pathways for accumulation of coproducts in bioenergy crops may represent a valuable option for enhancing the commercial value of biomass and attaining sustainable lignocellulosic biorefineries.

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Section: Carotenoids (Tetraterpenoids)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for the production of biochemicals in bioenergy crops

Lin

Eudes

2020

Biotechnol Biofuels

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“…Astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway in P. rhodozyma has been reported by researches [9][10][11]. It is mainly considered as two pathways: dicyclic and monocyclic pathway ( Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of relationship between key genes and astaxanthin biosynthesis in Phaffia rhodozyma by transcript level and gene knock-out

Chen

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background Phaffia rhodozyma is a potential industrial source for production of natural astaxanthin. The synthetic mechanism of astaxanthin in P. rhodozyma is complex and unclear that blocked its development. Results In this study, eight genes related to dicyclic and monocyclic pathway in three different strains of P. rhodozyma were analyzed, and the relationship between the expression and astaxanthin biosynthesis was explored. Among these genes, crtYB (R=0.75, P<0.05) and asy genes (R=0.74, P<0.05) showed the most closely correlation with astaxanthin biosynthesis. In order to further study exact relationship, crtYB and asy genes were knocked out by homologous recombination. After crtYB knock-out, astaxanthin was decreased to be under detected line. It suggested crtYB played a role in dicyclic and monocyclic pathway. Meanwhile, the asy gene was in dicyclic pathway of astaxanthin biosynthesis, and its knock-out would promote the astaxanthin biosynthesis in monocyclic pathway, resulting in a 25.04% increase in astaxanthin production. Conclusion The possible rate-limiting enzymes were asy gene and crtYB illustrated by analysis of regression. Knock-out of asy and crtYB gene was great helpful to understand the synthetic pathway of astaxanthin, and significant to the industrial application of producing astaxanthin.

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“…T he yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous has been studied mainly for its capacity to produce astaxanthin, a pigment of commercial interest (1). Astaxanthin has been used as a feed and food pigment in the aquaculture industry and has been evaluated as a pharmaceutical component due to its antioxidant properties (1,2). Because the natural habitat of X. dendrorhous is usually represented by tree exudates rich in antifungal substances and reactive oxygen species (ROS), it is believed that the main functions of the pigments produced by this yeast include antioxidant and protective roles against these agents (3,4).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…dendrorhous can grow in the presence of various carbon sources, including glucose, sucrose, maltose, xylose, starch, succinate, glycerol, and ethanol (3)(4)(5)(6)(7). Notably, X. dendrorhous is the only carotenogenic yeast capable of efficiently fermenting sugars (1,2,5). This yeast can undergo two types of metabolism depending on the carbon source.…”

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Convergence between Regulation of Carbon Utilization and Catabolic Repression in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

Martínez-Moya

Campusano

Córdova

et al. 2020

mSphere

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Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is a carotenogenic yeast with a singular metabolic capacity to produce astaxanthin, a valuable antioxidant pigment. This yeast can assimilate several carbon sources and sustain fermentation even under aerobic conditions. Since astaxanthin biosynthesis is affected by the carbon source, the study of carotenogenesis regulatory mechanisms is key for improving astaxanthin yield in X. dendrorhous. This study aimed to elucidate the regulation of the metabolism of different carbon sources and the phenomenon of catabolic repression in this yeast. To this end, protein and transcript levels were quantified by iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification) and transcriptomic sequencing (RNA-seq) in the wild-type strain under conditions of glucose, maltose, or succinate treatment and in the mutant strains for genes MIG1, CYC8, and TUP1 under conditions of glucose treatment. Alternative carbon sources such as maltose and succinate affected the relative abundances of 14% of the wild-type proteins, which were mainly grouped into the carbohydrate metabolism category, with the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and citrate cycle pathways being the most highly represented pathways. Each mutant strain showed significant proteomic profile changes, affecting approximately 2% of the total proteins identified, compared to the wild-type strain under glucose treatment conditions. Similarly to the results seen with the alternative carbon sources, the changes in the mutant strains mainly affected carbohydrate metabolism, with glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate and citrate cycle pathways being the most highly represented pathways. Our results showed convergence between carbon assimilation and catabolic repression in the strains studied. Interestingly, indications of cooperative, opposing, and overlapping processes during catabolic regulation were found. We also identified target proteins of the regulatory processes, reinforcing the likelihood of catabolic repression at the posttranscriptional level. IMPORTANCE The conditions affecting catabolic regulation in X. dendrorhous are complex and suggest the presence of an alternative mechanism of regulation. The repressors Mig1, Cyc8, and Tup1 are essential elements for the regulation of the use of glucose and other carbon sources. All play different roles but, depending on the growth conditions, can work in convergent, synergistic, and complementary ways to use carbon sources and to regulate other targets for yeast metabolism. Our results reinforced the belief that further studies in X. dendrorhous are needed to clarify a specific regulatory mechanism at the domain level of the repressors as well as its relationship with those of other metabolic repressors, i.e., the stress response, to elucidate carotenogenic regulation at the transcriptomic and proteomic levels in this yeast.

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Biosynthesis of Astaxanthin as a Main Carotenoid in the Heterobasidiomycetous Yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

Cited by 104 publications

References 100 publications

Strategies for the production of biochemicals in bioenergy crops

Strategies for the production of biochemicals in bioenergy crops

Analysis of relationship between key genes and astaxanthin biosynthesis in Phaffia rhodozyma by transcript level and gene knock-out

Convergence between Regulation of Carbon Utilization and Catabolic Repression in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

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