Biosynthesis of mevinolin. Spectral assignment by double-quantum coherence NMR after high carbon-13 incorporation

Chan, Jean K.; Moore, Richard N.; Nakashima, Thomas T.; Vederas, John C.

doi:10.1021/ja00348a062

Cited by 48 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…70,71,75–79 The biosynthetic gene cluster for lovastatin was first described in Aspergillus terreus and found to encode two type I polyketide synthases dubbed LovB and LovF, which are responsible for the nonaketide and diketide fragments, respectively. 80,81 LovB (also known as lovastatin nonaketide synthase or LNKS) works iteratively in a complex with the type II polyketide synthase LovC, which is an enoyl reductase also encoded in the cluster, to produce the intermediate dihydromonacolin L bound to LovB as a thioester ( 30 , see Scheme 4).…”

Section: Lovb/lovc and The Biosynthesis Of Statinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural [4 + 2]-Cyclases

et al. 2016

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[4 + 2]-Cycloadditions are increasingly being recognized in the biosynthetic pathways of many structurally complex natural products. A relatively small collection of enzymes from these pathways have been demonstrated to increase rates of cyclization and impose stereochemical constraints on the reactions. While mechanistic investigation of these enzymes is just beginning, recent studies have provided new insights with implications for understanding their biosynthetic roles, mechanisms of catalysis and evolutionary origin.

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Section: Lovb/lovc and The Biosynthesis Of Statinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural [4 + 2]-Cyclases

et al. 2016

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“…All of these monacolins were found to be effective as hypocholesterolemic agent. It was reported that these monaoclins were the secondary metabolites of biosynthesis during the fermentation and they were biogenetically related to each other [16][17][18]. Monacolins were a group of compounds existing in both lactone forms and hydroxy acid forms [19,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and chemical profiling of monacolins in red yeast rice using high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector and mass spectrometry

Fang

Wang

et al. 2004

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis

126

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“…Lovastatin is an inhibitor of the enzyme hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (mevalonate:NADP ϩ oxidoreductase [EC 1.1.1.34]) that catalyzes the reduction of HMG-CoA to mevalonate during synthesis of cholesterol (14,23,36). The biosynthetic pathway of lovastatin in A. terreus has been investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy (5,26,38). These studies concluded that lovastatin is composed of two distinct polyketide chains joined through an ester linkage.…”

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confidence: 99%

Lovastatin Biosynthesis by Aspergillus terreus in a Chemically Defined Medium

Hajjaj

Niederberger

Duboc

2001

Appl Environ Microbiol

150

129

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Lovastatin is a secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus terreus. A chemically defined medium was developed in order to investigate the influence of carbon and nitrogen sources on lovastatin biosynthesis. Among several organic and inorganic defined nitrogen sources metabolized by A. terreus, glutamate and histidine gave the highest lovastatin biosynthesis level. For cultures on glucose and glutamate, lovastatin synthesis initiated when glucose consumption levelled off. When A. terreus was grown on lactose, lovastatin production initiated in the presence of residual lactose. Experimental results showed that carbon source starvation is required in addition to relief of glucose repression, while glutamate did not repress biosynthesis. A threefold-higher specific productivity was found with the defined medium on glucose and glutamate, compared to growth on complex medium with glucose, peptonized milk, and yeast extract.In filamentous fungi many secondary metabolites with complex chemical structure are synthesized via the polyketide pathway (15,33,37). Lovastatin, monacolin J, monacolin L, and mevastatin can be produced by Monascus ruber (7), Penicillium brevicompactum, and Aspergillus terreus (1, 36). Lovastatin is an inhibitor of the enzyme hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (mevalonate:NADP ϩ oxidoreductase [EC 1.1.1.34]) that catalyzes the reduction of HMG-CoA to mevalonate during synthesis of cholesterol (14,23,36). The biosynthetic pathway of lovastatin in A. terreus has been investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy (5,26,38). These studies concluded that lovastatin is composed of two distinct polyketide chains joined through an ester linkage. Proof that these two polyketides are assembled by two discrete polyketide synthases came from the cloning and partial characterization of the lovastatin biosynthetic gene cluster from A. terreus (16,18).Despite the knowledge of the genes and the enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway, little is known about the regulation and the physiology of lovastatin biosynthesis. Reported growth and production conditions for lovastatin are from batch fermentations performed on media with glucose and a complex nitrogen source (1,4,13,22,28). Both carbon and nitrogen sources are thought to exert complex regulation on gene expression and enzyme activities for polyketide synthesis, possibly at the level of catabolite repression or signaling due to limitation in growth rate or substrate limitation.The objective of this work was to investigate the influence of glucose and nitrogen source on the physiology of A. terreus and lovastatin production. Several carbon and nitrogen sources were tested in order to develop a chemically defined medium. The aim was to monitor biomass formation and lovastatin production in relation to the consumption pattern of carbon and nitrogen sources. We show here that although growth occurred on a large variety of substrates, the choice of nitrogen source had a major impact on lovastatin production. In addition, l...

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Biosynthesis of mevinolin. Spectral assignment by double-quantum coherence NMR after high carbon-13 incorporation

Cited by 48 publications

References 1 publication

Natural [4 + 2]-Cyclases

Natural [4 + 2]-Cyclases

Identification and chemical profiling of monacolins in red yeast rice using high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector and mass spectrometry

Lovastatin Biosynthesis by Aspergillus terreus in a Chemically Defined Medium

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