“…In eukaryotes and Archaea, this functional unit is called endopeptidase, kinase, chromatin-associated (EKC; Kae1 was formerly thought to be an endopeptidase) (4) or kinase, endopeptidase, and other proteins of small size (KEOPS) (5) and comprises Kae1, the dimerization module Pcc1, the kinase/ATPase Bud32, and Cgi121, which is thought to allosterically regulate Bud32. The DEZ complex (YgjD-YjeEYeaZ) is the prokaryotic counterpart to the EKC/KEOPS com-plex, and it is made up of Kae1, YrdC, and two proteins of unknown function called YeaZ and YjeE (9,14). Interestingly, it was recently reported in yeast that the mitochondrial Kae1 homologue Qri7 can modify tRNA in the absence of protein binding partners (13).…”