Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Using the Biomass of Aspergillus niger to Impart Cotton Fabric with Antimicrobial Properties

Abstract

The biosynthesis of ZnO is performed through enzymatic mechanisms for controlling the particle size and morphology with using the sol‐gel method. Furthermore, this method utilizes a stabilizer obtained from the cell biomass of Aspergillus niger mold in order to yield homogeneous and consistent products. The evaluation of functional, morphological, and antibacterial activities was carried out at pH 6.0‐13.0. The analysis FT‐IR showed the interaction of hydroxyl groups, aromatic rings, as well as N−H and O−Zn‐O compounds at a wavenumber of 401–584 cm−1. The XRD and SEM characterizations showed that ZnO structure and crystal phase were hexagonal wurtzite at dimensions of 36.2 ‐ 45.4 nm. The differences in pH also influenced the dimensions, morphology, and antimicrobial activity. ZnO with a pH of 8.0 was characterized by FESEM‐EDAX, based on the analysis of morphological uniformity. This characterization obtained rod and cube structures, with atomic ratios of Zn=61.5 % and O=38.5 %. The UV‐DRS spectrum showed that the optical band gap with a value of Eg=3.00–3.11 eV. The differences in morphology further distinguished antibacterial properties on textile fibers, through the use of the Gram ‐ and + bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus), with inhibition zones of 17–21 mm and 21–25 mm, respectively. Therefore, ZnO is classified as a very strong antibacterial material than amoxicillin, with an inhibition zone of 13.6 mm.

Biological Chemicals as Sustainable Materials to Synthesize Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Textile Surface Functionalization

“…153 In fact, proteins and amino acids in fungal isolates may assist formations and fixation of ZnO NPs on surfaces of textiles. 210,218,221 Many other metal oxide nanoparticles have been prepared by in situ and ex situ ways on textiles, including TiO 2 , FeO, and Fe 2 O 3 NPs, due to the similar mechanisms of formation of ZnO NPs on surfaces of textiles. 222,223 These metal oxide NPs on the textile are not illustrated in this perspective.…”

“…(D) FTIR spectrum (a–d) and (E) XRD peaks originating from biosynthesis of ZnO at different pH values (a–e). Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH GmbH.…”

“…Extracellular route production of ZnO NPs offers advantage of easy recovery, becoming a common pathway . In fact, proteins and amino acids in fungal isolates may assist formations and fixation of ZnO NPs on surfaces of textiles. ,, …”

Growth inhibition of bacterial pathogens by photo-catalyst process of nano-alloys FeCuNi doped TiO2 under ultraviolet irradiation

“…Up to the present time, no method has been reported without calcination to produce anatase TiO 2 particles [ 21 ]. The nano-sized TiO 2 particles doped with metal alloys are of great interest for further development because they can increase the photo-catalytic activity of TiO 2 [ 22 , 23 ]. It is important to note that powder obtained synthetically by sol-gel has several advantages including low temperature, simplicity, microstructure morphology with different phase compositions can be obtained by varying parameters such as temperature, pressure, process duration, chemical species concentration, solution concentration and pH [ 24 , 25 , 26 ].…”

“…This paper reports a synthesis of FeCuNi nano-alloy doped TiO 2 via the sol-gel method. As has been mentioned previously, dopants from the transition metal group have several advantages because they are the catalysts, low energy levels so that they are easy to capture electrons and hence they can inhibit electron hole recombination [ 23 ]. Photo-catalyst activity needs photon energy, one of which from UV irradiation, which has the same energy as the energy gap from TiO 2 anatase [ 37 ].…”