Biotransfer and bioaccumulation of PCDD/PCDFs from soil: Controlled exposure studies of chickens

Petreas, Myrto; Goldman, Lynn R.; Hayward, Douglas G.; Chang, Ruth R.; Flattery, Jennifer; Wiesmüller, Thomas; Stephens, Robert D.; Fry, D. Michael; Rappe, Christoffer; Bergek, Sture; Hjelt, M.

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(91)90021-5

Cited by 28 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Follow-up studies were performed during the winter at the first farm and the levels in eggs from hens that were kept inside, strongly suggested that the source of the contamination was not the feed, but the outdoor environment (unpublished). Similar has been observed in other studies but in these cases the soil was clearly contaminated with dioxins (Stephens et al 1990, 1995, Schuler et al 1997, Lovett et al 1998, Harnly et al 2000, Petreas et al 1991, Air et al 2002, Pussemier et al 2004. Another study was performed in the autumn of 2003, when a large number of farms producing organic eggs were visited and investigated for possible sources of dioxins and factors that may contribute to the exposure of hens to dioxins (Brandsma et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Carry-over of dioxins and PCBs from feed and soil to eggs at low contamination levels – influence of mycotoxin binders on the carry-over from feed to eggs

Hoogenboom¹,

Kan

Zeilmaker

et al. 2006

Food Additives and Contaminants

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Laying hens were fed with compound feed containing six different levels of dioxins, dioxin-like PCBs and indicator PCBs for a period of 56 days. This was followed by a period of 56 days on clean feed. Dioxin levels in feed varied from background levels to three times the current EU tolerance limit of 0.75 ng TEQ/kg. At all dose levels a rapid increase was observed in the dioxin levels in eggs. There was a clear linear dose-response relationship between the dioxin levels in eggs and feed. The feed containing 0.4 ng TEQ dioxins per kg resulted in egg levels just above the EU limit of 3 pg TEQ/g fat. Dioxin-like and indicator PCB residues followed a pattern very similar to that of dioxins. Exposure to the highest indicator PCB level of 32 mg/kg resulted in egg levels around 300 ng/g fat. Exposure to dioxins through contaminated soil, mixed at 10% into the feed, resulted in a similar carry-over as from feed. Mycotoxin binders, mixed at 0.5% into the feed, had little effect on the carry-over of dioxins from the feed to the egg. It can be concluded that consumption of feed or soil with even moderate levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs rapidly results in increased levels in eggs. The current EU dioxin limit for feed cannot guarantee egg dioxin levels below the EU-limit.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Carry-over of dioxins and PCBs from feed and soil to eggs at low contamination levels – influence of mycotoxin binders on the carry-over from feed to eggs

Hoogenboom¹,

Kan

Zeilmaker

et al. 2006

Food Additives and Contaminants

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“…It was verified an equilibrium between the dioxin concentration in the contaminant ingested by chickens (38.85 pg WHO-TEQ/g) and the dioxin concentration in the eggs (42.25 pg WHO-TEQ/g), which is confirmed by other study [1] [14]. The fact that the square of the Pearson correlation coefficient (r 2 ) of the different congeners relative concentrations between litters and hatching eggs (r 2 = 0.72 and sd = 0.16) and the graphic representations of the profiles was so consistent, may be explained by the estrogens produced during egg production which stimulate the liver to produce the egg-yolk targeted, very-low density lipoprotein (VLDLy).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Dioxins in the Food Chain: Contamination Fingerprint Analysis in Breeding Hens, Hatching Eggs and Broilers

Cardo¹,

Castel-Branco²,

Andreozzi³

et al. 2014

JEP

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While routine monitoring poultry meat was obtained from breeding hens, dioxins contaminations were detected in Portugal. Levels of 430.9 pg PCDD/F-WHO-TEQ/g 1 were found, which are higher than the official limits legally allowed for this matrix (1.75 pg PCDD/F-WHO-TEQ/g). To identify the magnitude of the contaminations, 60 samples were collected from poultry farms and different matrices, namely: feed, water, wood shavings from the litters, muscle of the breeding hens, hatching eggs collected in the positive farm and muscle collected from broilers farms supplied by the positive breeding farm. The comparison of the dioxins congeners profiles showed that there was a coincidence of peaks of higher relative concentrations in the wood shavings, with the peaks of the highest relative concentration in the hatching eggs, especially the relative concentrations of the congeners 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD and OCDD, which may be explained by the role of VLDLy in the delivery of triglycerides to the oocyte, where they will be used as the energy source for the developing embryo. The comparison of the dioxins congeners profiles of the breeding hens muscle with the poultry muscle, showed a coincidence of peaks of higher relative concentrations in the con- geners 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD and OCDD which may indicate a dechlorination pathway "in vivo". Results allowed concluding that those wood shavings, improperly used as poultry litters, were certainly the source of contamination of the food chain.

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“…An equilibrium between the dioxin content of the soil and its content in the eggs is reached relatively fast (Petreas et al, 1991). Estimates of the dioxin levels in the soil in Europe lie between 0.5 and 87 pg TEQ per g dry matter (see Table 1 , Anon., 2003).…”

Section: Dioxins In Soilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dioxins in organic eggs: a review

Vries

Kwakkel

Kijlstra

2006

NJAS: Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences

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Eggs contribute for about 4% to the daily dioxin intake of humans. Research among layer farms in the Netherlands and other EU countries has shown that organic eggs contain more dioxin than conventional ones and that a significant number of organic farms produce eggs with a dioxin content that exceeds the EU standard. The hens' intake of dioxins from various sources leads to an increase in the dioxin content of organic eggs. These sources include plants, feed, soil, worms and insects, and compared with hens on conventional and free-range farms, organic hens make more use of these sources due to better access to the outdoor run. Plants appear to be relatively unimportant as a source of dioxins. Also commercial organic feed generally has very low dioxin contents, but not much is known about non-commercial feed. Consumption of worms and insects and particularly ingestion of soil are important causes of high dioxin levels in eggs. Management interventions, like a reduction of the time the hens spend outside, may decrease the dioxin levels in organic eggs but at the same time may interfere with the image of the organic production system.

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Biotransfer and bioaccumulation of PCDD/PCDFs from soil: Controlled exposure studies of chickens

Cited by 28 publications

References 16 publications

Carry-over of dioxins and PCBs from feed and soil to eggs at low contamination levels – influence of mycotoxin binders on the carry-over from feed to eggs

Carry-over of dioxins and PCBs from feed and soil to eggs at low contamination levels – influence of mycotoxin binders on the carry-over from feed to eggs

Dioxins in the Food Chain: Contamination Fingerprint Analysis in Breeding Hens, Hatching Eggs and Broilers

Dioxins in organic eggs: a review

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