Leaves of common sage (Salvia officinalis) accumulate monoterpenes in glandular trichomes at levels exceeding 15 milligrams per gram fresh weight at maturity, whereas sage cells in suspension culture did not accumulate detectable levels of monoterpenes (<0.3 nanograms per gram fresh weight) at any stage of the growth cycle, even in the presence of a polystyrene resin trap. Monoterpene biosynthesis from [U-14C]sucrose was also virtually undetectable in this cell culture system. In vitro assay of each of the enzymes required for the sequential conversion of the ubiquitous isoprenoid precursor geranyl pyrophosphate to (+)-camphor (a major monoterpene product of sage) in soluble extracts of the cells revealed the presence of activity sufficient to produce (+)-camphor at a readily detectable level (>0.3 micrograms per gram fresh weight) at the late log phase of growth. Other monoterpene synthetic enzymes were present as well. In vivo measurement of the ability to catabolize (+)-camphor in these cells indicated that degradative capability exceeded biosynthetic capacity by at least 1000-fold. Therefore, the lack of monoterpene accumulation in undifferentiated sage cultures could be attributed to a low level of biosynthetic activity (relative to the intact plant) coupled to a pronounced capacity for monoterpene catabolism.The accumulation of terpenoid natural products in plant cell cultures has been successfully demonstrated in the cases of diterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids, but rarely in the case of monoterpenes. Thus, there are reports of the production of diterpenoid substances in culture at levels exceeding those of the intact plant (42,43) and the induced accumulation of sesquiterpene phytoalexins in culture is well documented (12,13,16), whereas most accounts ofmonoterpene accumulation in cell culture systems (1, 17, 44) describe either very low levels of production or compositional patterns that differ markedly from those of the intact plant.Monoterpenes in intact plants usually accumulate in the extracellular storage spaces of specialized secretory structures, such as glandular trichomes, resin ducts, or resin cavities (35),