Biotransformation of major ginsenoside Rb1 to pharmacologically active ginsenoside Rg3 through fermentation by Weissella hellenica DC06 in newly developed medium

Abstract

The study was conducted to develop an edible and low cost growth medium for cultivation of Weissella hellenica DC06, a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and to study whether, the medium is suitable for bioconversion of major ginsenoside Rb1 into ginsenoside Rg3 through fermentation by W. hellenica DC06. Fourteen different media compositions were investigated to cultivate W. hellenica DC06. Among these, W. hellenica DC06 exhibited the highest growth in media containing 20 g/l radish, 20 g/l glucose, and 10 g/l yeast extract (Medium 3). The optical density of W. hellenica DC06 cultivated in medium 3 reached 1.8 (1.066 x 1010 CFU/ml) after 24 h of incubation. Importantly, the optimized medium was approximately four times cheaper compared to MRS medium. In addition to being economical, the new medium was also edible. Also W. hellenica DC06 showed strong fermentation ability in newly developed medium regarding on major ginsenoside Rb1 biotransformation. Ginsenoside Rb1 was converted into pharmacologically active ginsenoside Rg3 in new medium. In contrast,W. hellenica DC06 showed weak fermentation ability in MRS medium where ginsenoside Rb1 was converted intoginsenoside Rd. The transformation products were analyzed by TLC, and HPLC. Within seven days of fermentation, almost all ginsenoside Rb1 was decomposed and converted into Rg3 in optimized medium. W. hellenica DC06 hydrolyzed two glucose moieties attached to the C-20 position of the ginsenoside Rb1aglyconeand synthesized Rg3 in newly developed medium.

β-Glucosidase and Its Application in Bioconversion of Ginsenosides in Panax ginseng

“…The β-glucosidase source may be obtained from microorganisms isolated from the soil of a ginseng farm, soybean, tea, human digestive system, kimchi, and other fermented food [14,32,[61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68]. While the majority of β-glucosidases capable of ginsenosides bioconversion have been identified in bacteria, similar enzyme activity has also been found fungus, and in Aspergillus niger, Armillaria mellea, and in particular [15,28,[69][70][71].…”

“…Several landmark studies of β-glucosidase expression in GRAS organism have hinted at its potential for enhancing the nutritional content and quality of food, pharmaceuticals, and functional foods [46,57,61,65,80]. However, there are limitations that must be overcome for the large-scale use of β-glucosidase in these ways.…”

“…Certain bacteria isolated from kimchi and other foods, which are confirmed to be capable of biologically converting ginsenosides through β-glucosidase activity, may be useful for the practical preparation of minor ginsenosides in a variety of industries. They may be used to improve the nutrition and quality of food, as well as industrial pharmaceuticals and functional foods [9,46,57,60,61,65,72,78,87].…”

“…The process can be explaining line: esculin is hydrolysis by β-glucosidase and becomes the esculetin. This substrate has a black color with ferric ions [ 65 , 74 , 75 ]. Otherwise, several molecular biology tools and techniques, such as BLAST, Alignment, Illumina MiSeq sequencing, online web servers, kits, software, etc., have been used as screening methods to predict the genes responsible for high expression of target compounds.…”

Stimulating effect of fermented ginseng leaf saponin on the differentiation and mineralization of murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells

“…Minor ginsenosides Rh1 and Rg2 are absent in ginseng root which have high pharmacological efficacy against different diseases, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergicactivities, and inhibition of glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells (Li et al, 2007;Park et al, 2004). There are several reports on the bioconversion of major ginsenoside into the minor forms using microorganisms, including the crude enzymes from Lactobacillus rossiae (Huq et al, 2014), Paenibacillus ginsengiterrae (Huq et al 2015a), Weissellahellenica (Huq et al, 2015b(Huq et al, , 2016b, Fusarium sacchari (Han et al, 2007) and Acremoniumstrictum (Chen et al, 2008). However, these microorganisms are able to convert single ginsenoside to minor form but unable to transform crude ginseng saponin.…”