Biotransformation of Warfare Nerve Agents

Jokanović, Milan

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800159-2.00059-2

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 105 publications

(177 reference statements)

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“…We begin with synthesizing two diacetylene derivatives; PCDA-OX and PCDA-BA (figure 1(A)). It is known that OX has an enhanced nucleophilicity by the α-effect of an adjacent nitrogen atom, and they have been used to synthesize antidote molecules, such as 2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride (2-PAM) in the treatment of nerve agent poisoning [19]. With ClCN, a blood agent, it is known that the toxicity comes from cyanide (CN) ions that are released by the reaction with glutathione in biological systems [20].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orthogonal dual signaling of chemical warfare agents using polydiacetylene/upconversion nanocrystals nanocomposites

Oh¹,

Kim²,

Shin³

et al. 2020

Funct. Compos. Struct.

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A polydiacetylene (PDA)/upconversion nanocrystals (UCNs) sensor system has been developed for selective dual signaling of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) gases, such as G-series nerve agent simulant and blood agent. Rationally utilizing the orthogonal reaction mechanisms of the G-agent simulant and the blood agent (ClCN), oxime and benzaldehyde modified diacetylene monomers capable of rapid recognition of CWAs gases were synthesized. A PDA/UCNs embedded fiber patch having dual signaling capability was realized by interweaving the color change of PDAs and the anti-Stokes shift based optical properties of UCNs. PDA/UCNs nanocomposites fiber patches selectively display blue-to-red color and yellow to red luminescence change upon exposure to CWAs gases. These results present a provisional design principle of a rapid and selective PDA/UCNs-based CWAs gas detection system that can be used at night.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orthogonal dual signaling of chemical warfare agents using polydiacetylene/upconversion nanocrystals nanocomposites

Oh¹,

Kim²,

Shin³

et al. 2020

Funct. Compos. Struct.

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Progress on the Development of Oxime Derivatives as a Potential Antidote for Organophosphorus Poisoning

Katagi,

Sujatha,

Bolakatti

et al. 2024

Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders

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Nowadays, organophosphorus poisoning is the most common emergency throughout the world. Two functionally different types of drugs are used in common to treat such intoxication cases. The first type includes the reactivators of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-oximes, which have the capability to restore the physiological function of inhibited AChE. The second type includes anticholinergic, such as atropine that antagonizes the effects of excessive ACh by blocking muscarinic receptors. Alternatively, anticholinergic and reactivators may be co-administered to get synergistic effects. At muscarinic and nicotinic synapses, organophosphorus compounds inhibit AChE release by phosphoryl group deposition at the enzyme's active site very quickly. AChE regenerative process can be accelerated by detaching the OP compound at -OH group of the enzyme. OP compound combines with the AChE enzyme forming a complex and making it inactive. After ageing of the inactive state of AChE, it is difficult to break the complex to regenerate the enzyme resulting in acetylcholine accumulation at synapses. To counter the effect of OP compound, oximes catalyse the reactivation of active AChE by exerting nucleophilic attack on the phosphoryl group. Oximes theoretically remove OP compound from the complex by acting on phosphoryl bond resulting in enzyme reactivation. Reactivation of AChE inhibited by OP compounds through the above mentioned approach poses certain limitations. There is no universal antidote capable of effectively restoring AChE inhibited by wide-ranging OP compounds. The oxime reactivators are efficient only when administered before the “ageing” of AChE-OP complex. Anticholinergic drugs, like atropine, are effective only on muscarinic receptors but not on nicotinic receptors (nAChRs).

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Biotransformation of Warfare Nerve Agents

Cited by 2 publications

References 105 publications

Orthogonal dual signaling of chemical warfare agents using polydiacetylene/upconversion nanocrystals nanocomposites

Orthogonal dual signaling of chemical warfare agents using polydiacetylene/upconversion nanocrystals nanocomposites

Progress on the Development of Oxime Derivatives as a Potential Antidote for Organophosphorus Poisoning

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