Birch (<i>Betula</i> spp.) leaves adsorb and re‐release volatiles specific to neighbouring plants – a mechanism for associational herbivore resistance?

Himanen, Sari; Blande, James D.; Klemola, Tero; Pulkkinen, Juha; Heijari, Juha; Holopainen, Jarmo K.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03220.x

Cited by 181 publications

(207 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(138 reference statements)

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“…Considering the green area index for the grassland, which increased from 5.6 m 2 m −2 to 6.6 m 2 m −2 during the period of interest, the measured peak deposition values ranged between 3.3 nmol m −2 s −1 and 3.9 nmol m −2 s −1 on a green area basis, which compares well with the range of values reported by Noe et al [2008]. Himanen et al [2010] found further evidence for an uptake and rerelease of terpenes by nonemitting plants that grow intermixed with emitting species in a natural environment. Further work is required to quantify the contribution of various sinks, e.g., stomatal uptake, chemical losses or scavenging to the soil, to the deposition of monoterpenes observed in this study.…”

Section: Deposition Fluxes Of Monoterpenessupporting

confidence: 81%

Deposition fluxes of terpenes over grassland

et al. 2011

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[1] Eddy covariance flux measurements were carried out for two subsequent vegetation periods above a temperate mountain grassland in an alpine valley using a proton-transfer-reaction-mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) and a PTR time-of-flight-mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF). In 2008 and during the first half of the vegetation period 2009 the volume mixing ratios (VMRs) for the sum of monoterpenes (MTs) were typically well below 1 ppbv and neither MT emission nor deposition was observed. After a hailstorm in July 2009 an order of magnitude higher amount of terpenes was transported to the site from nearby coniferous forests causing elevated VMRs. As a consequence, deposition fluxes of terpenes to the grassland, which continued over a time period of several weeks without significant reemission, were observed. For days without precipitation the deposition occurred at velocities close to the aerodynamic limit. In addition to monoterpene uptake, deposition fluxes of the sum of sesquiterpenes (SQTs) and the sum of oxygenated terpenes (OTs) were detected. Considering an entire growing season for the grassland (i.e., 1 April to 1 November 2009), the cumulative carbon deposition of monoterpenes reached 276 mg C m −2 . This is comparable to the net carbon emission of methanol (329 mg C m −2 ), which is the dominant nonmethane volatile organic compound (VOC) emitted from this site, during the same time period. It is suggested that deposition of monoterpenes to terrestrial ecosystems could play a more significant role in the reactive carbon budget than previously assumed.

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Section: Deposition Fluxes Of Monoterpenessupporting

confidence: 81%

Deposition fluxes of terpenes over grassland

et al. 2011

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“…8 Three R. tomentosumspecific semi-volatiles (ledol, palustrol and ledene) formed 24.5 ± 6.6% and 16.1 ± 7.9% of the total terpenoids emitted by two birch species, B. pendula and B. pubescens, respectively, when they were exposed to neighboring R. tomentosum in articLe addendum articLe addendum farming. 10 A recent meta-analysis 11 on factors leading to differences in insect responses towards volatiles (e.g., attraction versus repellence) revealed that factors including the sex, feeding guild, taxonomic group and diet breadth of insects can be used to explain patterns of behavior.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…8 Thus, wider screens to test the effectiveness of R. tomentosum specific semi-volatiles against various insects and also important agricultural pests, would help reveal their exploitation potential e.g., for pest control in organic a field set-up (B. pendula) or in a natural habitat (B. pubescens) (Fig. 1).…”

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Plant-emitted semi-volatiles shape the infochemical environment and herbivore resistance of heterospecific neighbors

Himanen

Blande

Holopainen

2010

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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Addendum to: Himanen SJ, Blande JD, Klemola T, Pulkkinen J, Heijari J, Holopainen JK. Birch (Betula spp.) leaves adsorb and re-release volatiles specific to neighboring plants-a mechanism for associational herbivore resistance ? New Phytol 2010; 186:722-32; PMID: 20298484; DOI: 10.1111 DOI: 10. /j.1469 DOI: 10. -8137.2010 We recently demonstrated a costeffective way for plants to take advantage of volatile-based defense: by adsorbing neighbor-emitted compounds to defend against herbivory. We found that specific semi-volatiles emitted by Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja are adsorbed to neighboring birch (Betula spp.) foliage in a natural habitat, in a field set-up and in the laboratory. These semi-volatiles were found to deter certain birch herbivores, and may thus confer associational resistance to birch. Here we show the relative change in the volatile profile of birch that occurs when neighbored by R. tomentosum. We further discuss the potential wider role of biogenic semi-volatiles for ecological interactions in natural environments and suggest how they might be utilized for pest management in agricultural crop production.Plant-emitted, airborne volatiles are an ingenious way for plants to send and receive information on their surrounding environment. Plant volatiles are

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“…Both of these processes have been demonstrated to have ecological significance in field studies. 3,4,10 The reactions of volatile chemicals with pollutants can influence both processes in different ways. It is most likely that the active process will be rendered ineffective, while the passive process may be more complexly altered with volatile Figure 1.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…10,11 The active process is where the receiver plant actively changes in response to a signal, for example gene activation 2,12 or increased production of extra-floral nectar (EFN). 4 This is true plant-plant signaling involving perception of a signal.…”

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Air pollution impedes plant-to-plant communication, but what is the signal?

Blande

Holopainen

2011

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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Since the first reports that undamaged plants gain defensive benefits following exposure to damaged neighbors, the idea that plants may signal to each other has attracted much interest. There has also been substantial debate concerning the ecological significance of the process and the evolutionary drivers. Part of this debate has centered on the distance over which signaling between plants occurs in nature. In a recent study we showed that an ozone concentration of 80 ppb, commonly encountered in nature, significantly reduces the distance over which plant-plant signaling occurs in lima bean. We went on to show that degradation of herbivore-induced plant volatiles by ozone is the likely mechanism for this. The key question remaining from our work was that if ozone is degrading the signal in transit between plants, which chemicals are responsible for transmitting the signal in purer air? Here we present the results of a small scale experiment testing the role of the two most significant herbivore-induced terpenes and discuss our results in terms of other reported functions for these chemicals in plant-plant signaling.Plant-to-plant signaling mediated by volatile chemical compounds has been reported in numerous studies conducted under both laboratory 1,2 and field 3,4 conditions. It is one of the most sensitive volatile-mediated processes in nature and consequently the ecological significance of the phenomenon has been frequently questioned. 5 In addition, the evolutionary advantage of this process to the signal A range of volatile chemicals have been implicated as providers of inter-plant signals, including phytohormones such as methyl jasmonate, methyl salicylate and ethylene, various terpenes and green leaf volatiles (GLVs). 6 However, most of the underlying mechanisms, particularly concerning the perception of signal molecules, remain to be elucidated. 5 One of several outstanding questions related to airborne plant-plant signaling concerns the distance over which the signals are effective. The volatile chemicals that transmit signals between plants must remain intact and at sufficient concentration to be detected and elicit a response in receiver plants. The distances over which signal chemicals can function are limited by abiotic factors such as wind speed, air humidity and temperature.5 With respect to plant-plant interactions, much has been made about the effects of signal dilution in air currents, 5,7 but the degradation of the signaling compounds by reactive atmospheric pollutants can also represent a major obstacle to efficient plant-plant signaling. 6 The same can be said about other volatile mediated interactions including the attraction of predators, parasitoids and pollinators, and indeed some effects of ozone on foraging by parasitoids has been observed. 8 In a recent study, we showed that 80 ppb ozone significantly reduces the distance over which plant-plant communication is

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Birch (Betula spp.) leaves adsorb and re‐release volatiles specific to neighbouring plants – a mechanism for associational herbivore resistance?

Cited by 181 publications

References 51 publications

Deposition fluxes of terpenes over grassland

Deposition fluxes of terpenes over grassland

Plant-emitted semi-volatiles shape the infochemical environment and herbivore resistance of heterospecific neighbors

Air pollution impedes plant-to-plant communication, but what is the signal?

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