Bird Welfare in Zoos and Aquariums: General Insights across Industries

Woods, Jocelyn M.; Eyer, Adrienne; Miller, Lance J.

doi:10.3390/jzbg3020017

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 252 publications

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“…Furthermore, in a structurally complex enclosure, animals experience different substrates and micro-environments, which are capable of stimulating all or most of the individuals’ sensory organs, allowing complex interactions between them and the environment [ 48 , 49 ]. These complex interactions influence the behaviour displayed by animals, with more behaviours being displayed in more complex enclosures [ 50 , 51 ], and the animals’ physiology, with the activation of physiological cascades that allow the maintenance of homeostasis, decreasing the release of corticosterone and catecholamines, stress-related hormones [ 52 , 53 , 54 ].…”

Section: Habitat Complexity: Definition Temporal Variation and Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many species in the wild form polyspecific associations [ 72 , 73 ]. Although mixed-species bird exhibits are present in many zoos [ 49 , 74 ], the number of mixed-species exhibits are only increasing for some groups of animals, such as mammals (one may refer to [ 75 ], a site with lists of mixed-species exhibits of carnivores in European zoos). However, the effects of maintaining mixed-species exhibits need to be investigated, since some negative effects can occur such as a decrease in breeding success due to disturbance/competition or frequent changes in composition of species/individuals [ 76 ].…”

Section: Habitat Complexity: Definition Temporal Variation and Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of the Effects of Enclosure Complexity and Design on the Behaviour and Physiology of Zoo Animals

Azevedo

Cipreste²,

Pizzutto

et al. 2023

Animals

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The complexity of the habitat refers to its physical geometry, which includes abiotic and biotic elements. Habitat complexity is important because it allows more species to coexist and, consequently, more interactions to be established among them. The complexity of the habitat links the physical structure of the enclosure to the biological interactions, which occur within its limits. Enclosure complexity should vary temporally, to be able to influence the animals in different ways, depending on the period of the day and season and throughout the year. In the present paper, we discuss how habitat complexity is important, and how it can positively influence the physical and mental states of zoo animals. We show how habitat complexity can ultimately affect educational projects. Finally, we discuss how we can add complexity to enclosures and, thus, make the lives of animals more interesting and functional.

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Section: Habitat Complexity: Definition Temporal Variation and Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Habitat Complexity: Definition Temporal Variation and Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of the Effects of Enclosure Complexity and Design on the Behaviour and Physiology of Zoo Animals

Azevedo

Cipreste²,

Pizzutto

et al. 2023

Animals

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“…These three aspects are very important to support the success of conservation activities and to keep Maleo chicks retaining their natural characteristics. Based on Woods et al (2022), the main concern in the manufacture of cages for birds is the ability of the cage to support the birds to display their natural behavior. In this case, enrichment becomes important as a means of stimulation so Maleo chicks can carry out their natural activities.…”

Section: Maleo Chicks Captive Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on Sha et al (2016), the provision of feed enrichment to increase environmental complexity can increase the presence of species-specific behavior. Furthermore, according to Woods et al (2022), the addition of enrichment that can increase the foraging time can significantly improve the behavior and physical condition of birds. Maintaining the original nature of Maleo chicks as in their natural habitat is very important to support the successful reintroduction of Maleo chicks.…”

Section: Cage Aspects Description Health Management Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Welfare Assessment of Maleo Chicks in Hungayono Sanctuary, Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, Gorontalo

Karim

Masy’ud

Hernowo

2023

Trop. Anim. Sci. J.

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The decline in the Maleo population due to the decrease in suitable nesting sites caused the need for Maleo conservation activities such as protecting Maleo's nesting site and their eggs. This study aims to analyze aspects of Maleo chicks captive management and assess Maleo chicks welfare levels in Hungayono Sanctuary. The method used is direct observation, interviews, and literature studies. Data analysis was carried out by describing the welfare assessment. The results showed that welfare management in Hungayono includes the management of cages, feed, and health. Management activities for the aspects of cages, feed, and overall health are still lacking. This is because several important aspects had not been fulfilled in management, such as the quantity and quality of the cages, feed and water given, also medical personnel and facilities. Maleo chick's welfare level in Hungayono had a value of 49.73, which was categorized as low. The aspect of freedom from pain, injury, and disease had the lowest score, which was 1.92. In conclusion, the overall management of maleo chick's in Hungayono was still lacking and needed to be improved. The welfare level of Maleo chick's was low, with freedom from pain, injury, and disease having the lowest score. Hungayono managers need to add medical personnel and increase the quality and quantity of their medical facilities to improve the aspects of freedom from pain, injury, and disease.

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“…Conditions for this include specific management activities, small-sized enclosures or lack of enrichment ( Wielebnowski et al, 2002 ; De Almeida et al, 2018 ). Despite the usefulness of combining behavioural assessment with non-invasive endocrine monitoring, few studies have integrated these variables in wild birds kept captive ( Fairhurst et al, 2011 ; Haase et al, 2021 ; Woods et al, 2022 ). Such gap is particularly pronounced for owls; although some studies associated MGC with stressful events ( Wasser et al, 1997 ; Tempel and Gutiérrez, 2004 ; Wasser and Hunt, 2005 ; Béziers et al, 2020 ), they did not link their results with behavioural evaluation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucocorticoid metabolites in an ex situ nocturnal bird, the tropical screech owl Megascops choliba: effects of sex, activity period and inter-individual variation

Barbosa-Moyano

Sobral²,

Oliveira

2023

Conservation Physiology

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Glucocorticoids mediate physiological processes to obtain energy, presenting daily variation in basal levels that may be related to behavioural activity pattern. Identification of plasticity in the secretion of these hormones is essential to understand their effects on physiology and behaviour of wild birds and, therefore, their success in their natural or artificial environment. Serial endocrine evaluations are facilitated by implementing non-invasive methodologies that minimize possible effects of manipulation on the animal’s physiological variables. However, non-invasive endocrine-behavioural studies in nocturnal birds, such as owls, are immature. The present work aimed to validate an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to quantify glucocorticoid metabolites (MGC) in Megascops choliba as well as to evaluate differences in their production at the individual, sexual or daily level. We recorded the behaviour of nine owls during three continuous days to establish activity budget under captive conditions and aiming to correlate with daily MGC variation. The EIA proved to be effective in analytical assays and in pharmacological testing with synthetic ACTH, validating this immunoassay for the species. Additionally, individual differences in MGC production were confirmed in relation to the time of day, especially at 1700 and 2100, but not in relation to sex. During night hours, the owls showed greater behavioural activity, positively related to MGC values. Higher MGC concentrations were significantly related to greater expressions of active behaviours, such as maintenance, while lower MGC concentrations were recorded during moments of higher alertness and resting. The results presented show daily MGC variation to be inversed in this nocturnal species. Our findings can aid future theoretical studies of daily rhythm and evaluations of challenging and/or disturbing situations that result in changes in behaviour or hormonal cascades of these changes in ex situ populations of owls.

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Bird Welfare in Zoos and Aquariums: General Insights across Industries

Cited by 19 publications

References 252 publications

Review of the Effects of Enclosure Complexity and Design on the Behaviour and Physiology of Zoo Animals

Review of the Effects of Enclosure Complexity and Design on the Behaviour and Physiology of Zoo Animals

Welfare Assessment of Maleo Chicks in Hungayono Sanctuary, Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, Gorontalo

Glucocorticoid metabolites in an ex situ nocturnal bird, the tropical screech owl Megascops choliba: effects of sex, activity period and inter-individual variation

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