Birefringence Analysis of Inhomogeneous Swelling in Filled Elastomers

Kotani, T.; Sternstein, S. S.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-6210-5_13

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Equation (1) accounts for the volume fraction of fillers, which as rigid particles reduce the sample swelling. This simple correction may be insufficient for quantitative estimates of the degree of crosslinking, since the presence of rigid particles also restrained the polymer swelling at the filler-rubber interface [13]. Nonetheless, Equation (1) allows comparing the swellings of the virgin and the pre-stretched filled materials in order to detect the impact of pre-stretching on the polymer network.…”

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Physical interpretation of the Mullins softening in a carbon-black filled SBR

Díaz

Diani

Pierre

2014

Polymer

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is an open access repository that collects the work of Arts et Métiers ParisTech researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible. A 40 phr carbon-black filled styrene butadiene rubber has been submitted to several experiments in order to identify the physical damage responsible for the mechanical softening recorded upon first stretch. Damage in the rubber matrix was determined by swelling. The filler structure alteration was monitored by electrical conductivity measurements. Both damages are shown to be of minor importance compared to the substantial mechanical softening undergone by the material. Degradation at the rubber-filler interface may be recovered by exposing the material at high temperatures in vacuo.The chain mobility in such storage conditions promotes free chain adsorption at the filler surface. The existence of a layer of polymer whose movements are hindered adds to the filler reinforcement and its desorption creates Mullins softening.

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“…Note that in order to estimate the possible damage during the swelling tests, due to the local state of tension [13] induced by the presence of the carbon-black fillers, some of the virgin samples were uniaxially tested after swelling and drying. They showed the same mechanical behavior as the virgin samples that were not submitted to swelling.…”

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Physical interpretation of the Mullins softening in a carbon-black filled SBR

Díaz

Diani

Pierre

2014

Polymer

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“…Indeed, Diamant and Foldman used Kraus relation, while other studies have instead focused on a description of the swelling heterogeneity, which is a function of the expression of the mixing energy and the strain energy density. 34,67,68 In the early 2000s, Gent and Hartwell introduced a method to accurately estimate the apparent active chain density. 37 The authors were interested in several NR, accelerated with CBS and TMTD, and with a fixed [A]/[S] = 0.5, which corresponds to CV systems.…”

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A comprehensive review on active chain density evaluation from swelling and insights for better accounting for insoluble particles

Delahaye,

Redon,

Ruellan

et al. 2024

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The present study provides a state of the art on methods for evaluating active chain density of rubbers from swelling experiments. This review focuses more particularly on the effects of components that are known to limit the swelling, and which typically results in an overestimation of the active chain density. These components are commonly considered as insoluble. Different corrections dealing with the two principal insoluble components, namely zinc oxide (Zn0) and carbon black (CB) filler, are thoroughly investigated. A comparative study on the same natural rubber (NR), either filled and unfilled, vulcanized with three different vulcanization systems, is performed to evaluate the relevance of each predictive approach. The results obtained highlight their respective limitations. In particular, it is shown that the swelling ratio of unfilled and filled natural rubbers are linearly related, suggesting that fillers have no significant effect on the overall number of cross‐links formed during vulcanization. As a result, we propose a unified approach for correcting the ZnO content for unfilled NR and both the ZnO and CB contents for filled NR. By comparing with results issued from uniaxial tensile tests, it is shown that the use of a mechanical response is a relevant alternative for determining the active chain density.

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Poly(phenylene oxide) composites containing crosslinked polystyrene microspheres. II. Dark crosses observed in microscope

Chai

Guo

1987

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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SynopsisExtinction phenomena obaerved between crosed polaroids in microscope were clsssified into three group: (1) Poly(2. m e t h y l -1 , Cphenylene onde)/poiystyrene composite with crosslinked polystyrene microepheres. Negative dark crosses were observed in the shells of the spheres, the c o r n of the spheres were completely extinct. The crdisappeared at 17OoC, which is 20°C above 7 ' ' of the matrix polymer. (2) Polycarbonate composite with glaas beads. The dark crwere positive and outside the glass beads. The crdisappeared at 130°C, which is 20°C below T ' of the matrix polymer. (3) In s& polymerized composites with crwlinked polystyrene rmcroepheres. The dark cro8~e8 were the same size of the spheres. They were negative in poly(methy1 methacrylate) and poly(viny1 acetate) and positive in polystyrene. The disappearing temperatures of the c r o~~e~ were 150, 110, and 285°C. respectively. The first two group of phenomena are explained aa the photoelastic effects caused by the thermally induced stress. The last group is due to the inhomogeneous swelling or contracting of polystyrene networks in the matrices.

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Birefringence Analysis of Inhomogeneous Swelling in Filled Elastomers

Cited by 6 publications

References 10 publications

Physical interpretation of the Mullins softening in a carbon-black filled SBR

Physical interpretation of the Mullins softening in a carbon-black filled SBR

A comprehensive review on active chain density evaluation from swelling and insights for better accounting for insoluble particles

Poly(phenylene oxide) composites containing crosslinked polystyrene microspheres. II. Dark crosses observed in microscope

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