Birth Outcomes Following West Nile Virus Infection of Pregnant Women in the United States: 2003-2004

O’Leary, Daniel R.; Kuhn, Stephanie; Kniss, Krista; Hinckley, Alison F.; Rasmussen, Sonja A.; Pape, W. John; Kightlinger, Lon; Beecham, Brady D.; Miller, Tracy K.; Neitzel, David F.; Michaels, Sarah; Campbell, Grant L.; Lanciotti, Robert S.; Hayes, Edward B.

doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2024

Cited by 177 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The majority of these newborns were healthy, although a few infants were born with malformations, such as chorioretinitis, severe cerebral abnormalities, and neonatal respiratory distress, though no definite association to WNV infection could be established (232). A second study, which included 72 infants, indicated similar findings (233). Most of the newborns had no physical abnormalities, while seven infants had large malformations.…”

Section: Humansmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Major birth defects followed firsttrimester maternal WNV infection in 1 case (polydactyly), second-trimester infection in 3 cases (2 with microcephaly and 1 with Down syndrome), and third-trimester infection in 3 cases (1 aortic coarctation, 1 cleft palate, and 1 lissencephaly). The two newborns diagnosed with microcephaly did not have specific anti-WNV IgM antibodies in their serum or CSF, and no WNV RNA was detected by PCR in cord blood, cord tissue, or placenta (233).…”

Section: Humansmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Emerging Role of Zika Virus in Adverse Fetal and Neonatal Outcomes

et al. 2016

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SUMMARYThe rapid spread of the Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Americas and its potential association with thousands of suspected cases of microcephaly in Brazil and higher rates of Guillain-Barré syndrome meet the conditions for a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, as stated by the World Health Organization in February 2016. Two months later, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced that the current available evidence supports the existence of a causal relationship between prenatal Zika virus infection and microcephaly and other serious brain anomalies. Microcephaly can be caused by several factors, and its clinical course and prognosis are difficult to predict. Other pathogens with proven teratogenicity have been identified long before the current ZIKV epidemic. Despite the growing number of cases with maternal signs of infection and/or presence of ZIKV in tissues of affected newborns or fetuses, it is currently difficult to assess the magnitude of increase of microcephaly prevalence in Brazil, as well as the role of other factors in the development of congenital neurological conditions. Meanwhile, health agencies and medical organizations have issued cautious guidelines advising health care practitioners and expectant couples traveling to, returning from, or living in affected areas. Analogous to dengue virus (DENV) epidemics, ZIKV has the potential to become endemic in all countries infested byAedesmosquitoes, while new mutations could impact viral replication in humans, leading to increased virulence and consequently heightened chances of viral transmission to additional naive mosquito vectors. Studies are urgently needed to answer the questions surrounding ZIKV and its role in congenital neurological conditions.

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Section: Humansmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Humansmentioning

confidence: 91%

Emerging Role of Zika Virus in Adverse Fetal and Neonatal Outcomes

et al. 2016

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“…Although 1 infant born to a mother with West Nile virus encephalitis at 27 weeks' gestation had cerebral destruction and chorioretinitis, 40 rates of birth defects in a West Nile virus pregnancy registry were not significantly increased compared with baseline, 41 and a follow-up study suggested no adverse effects of West Nile virus on development. 42 Prenatal dengue virus infection does not seem to increase the risk for congenital anomalies.…”

Section: Fetalmentioning

confidence: 84%

Zika Virus Disease: A CDC Update for Pediatric Health Care Providers

et al. 2016

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Zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus discovered in Africa in 1947. Most persons with Zika virus infection are asymptomatic; symptoms when present are generally mild and include fever, maculopapular rash, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis. Since early 2015, Zika virus has spread rapidly through the Americas, with local transmission identified in 31 countries and territories as of February 29, 2016, including several US territories. All age groups are susceptible to Zika virus infection, including children. Maternal–fetal transmission of Zika virus has been documented; evidence suggests that congenital Zika virus infection is associated with microcephaly and other adverse pregnancy and infant outcomes. Perinatal transmission has been reported in 2 cases; 1 was asymptomatic, and the other had thrombocytopenia and a rash. Based on limited information, Zika virus infection in children is mild, similar to that in adults. The long-term sequelae of congenital, perinatal, and pediatric Zika virus infection are largely unknown. No vaccine to prevent Zika virus infection is available, and treatment is supportive. The primary means of preventing Zika virus infection is prevention of mosquito bites in areas with local Zika virus transmission. Given the possibility of limited local transmission of Zika virus in the continental United States and frequent travel from affected countries to the United States, US pediatric health care providers need to be familiar with Zika virus infection. This article reviews the Zika virus, its epidemiologic characteristics, clinical presentation, laboratory testing, treatment, and prevention to assist providers in the evaluation and management of children with possible Zika virus infection.

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“…9 Neurotropic flaviviruses (e.g., West Nile virus and Japanese encephalitis virus) can also be transmitted to the fetus, but the clinical spectrum is different, with only sporadic cases of microcephaly reported for West Nile virus infection. 10 Microcephaly may occur beyond the first trimester when infectious, toxic or vascular insults arrest normal brain development (i.e., fetal brain disruption sequence) 11 and result in overlapping sutures and wrinkling of the redundant scalp, similar to the rugose scalp appearance reported in 31% of the cohort in Brazil. 8 Some of the noted atypical brainstem abnormalities may be consistent with this pathologic process.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%