Bisphenol-A benzoxazine and cycloaliphatic epoxy copolymer for composite processing by resin infusion

Barjasteh, Ehsan; Gouni, S; Sutanto, Christie; Narongdej, Poom

doi:10.1177/0021998318810841

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…In our previous study, [ 6 ] the tensile modulus was found to deteriorate from 4.1 GPa for the BZ homopolymer down to 2.7 GPa when the CER content was at 50 wt%. A similar trend was also observed in the tensile strength, which decreased from 69 MPa for the BZ homopolymer to 39 MPa for the copolymer containing 50 wt% of CER.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The ratio of BZ and CER was determined from our previous research. [6] Significant improvements in processability, crosslinked density, and T g were achieved at the ratio of 62.5 wt% of BZ and 37.5 wt% of CER, thus the same mixing ratio was chosen in this study for a further analysis. The neat BZ/CER sample was produced by mechanical mixing in a temperature-controlled oil bath at 95 C. Shear force was generated by a magnetic stirrer at 250 rpm until a homogeneous solution was achieved.…”

Section: Nanocomposite Fabricationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the blending resulted in a decrease in the tensile strength and modulus of the copolymer in comparison with the BZ homopolymer. [ 6 ] Thus, a modification to the polymer blend is required to increase the diminished properties of the material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development and characterization of graphite nanoplatelets filled copolymer of benzoxazine and epoxy

et al. 2020

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In this study, graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) were dispersed in a copolymer matrix consisting of bisphenol‐A based benzoxazine (BZ) and bi‐functional cycloaliphatic epoxy (CER), using two solvent‐free techniques: ultrasonication and three‐roll mill (3RM). The effects of GNP addition on the tensile performance, storage modulus, glass‐transition temperature (Tg), and electrical conductivity were evaluated. A maximum increase of nearly 46% and 20% in tensile modulus and strength, respectively, was found at 1.8 wt% of GNP content dispersed using the ultrasonication technique. In comparison, a superior enhancement with 55% and 37% increase in the tensile modulus and strength could be obtained at a lower GNP content, 0.9 wt%, dispersed via 3RM calendering, respectively. In the electrical conductivity measurement, a percolation threshold was achieved in the range between 0.6 wt% and 0.9 wt% of GNP content using the 3RM technique, which was in agreement with the predicted values. The theoretical stiffness obtained from the simplified Halpin‐Tsai model corresponded with the experimental data at low fractions. The incorporation of GNPs into the BZ/CER copolymer resulted in the full recovery of all the performance losses from the addition of CER to BZ. Choosing a proper dispersing technique, the 3RM calendering in this case, could lead to a minimum required GNP content for achieving superior nanocomposite performances.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Nanocomposite Fabricationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development and characterization of graphite nanoplatelets filled copolymer of benzoxazine and epoxy

et al. 2020

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“…Moreover, APbPc is a conjugated macrocyclic compound with four substituted in the periphery with aminoethoxy groups. APbPc blending improves the crosslink densities of the copolymers, which enhances the capabilities of the storage energy as compared to neat resins [58]. Similarly, the crosslinking density was increased as the mass share of APbPc was raised from 0 to 25 wt.% as shown in Table 4; the recorded values were 1617.8 and 6783.2 mol/m 3 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amino-Functionalized Lead Phthalocyanine-Modified Benzoxazine Resin: Curing Kinetics, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties

Gao

Pan

et al. 2019

Polymers

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Phenol-diaminodiphenylmethane-based benzoxazine (P-ddm)/phthalocyanine copolymer was prepared by using P-ddm resin as matrix and 3,10,17,24-tetra-aminoethoxy lead phthalocyanine (APbPc) as additive. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to investigate the curing behavior, curing kinetics, dynamic mechanical properties, thermal stability, and impact strength of the prepared copolymers. The kinetic parameters for the P-ddm/APbPc blend curing processes were examined by utilizing the iso-conversional, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, and Málek methods. The P-ddm/APbPc blends exhibit two typical curing processes, and DSC results confirmed that the blending of APbPc monomer can effectively reduce the curing temperature of P-ddm resin. The autocatalytic models also described the non-isothermal curing reaction rate well, and the appropriate kinetic parameters of the curing process were obtained. The DMA and impact strength experiments proved that the blending of APbPc monomer can significantly improve the toughness and stiffness of P-ddm resin, the highest enhancements were observed on 25 wt.% addition of APbPc, the recorded values for the storage modulus and impact strength were 1003 MPa and 3.60 kJ/m2 higher, respectively, while a decline of 24.6 °C was observed in the glass transition temperature values. TGA curves indicated that the cured copolymers also exhibit excellent thermal stabilities.

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“…Recent studies show a great compatibility between benzoxazine and epoxy resin, because the copolymer system undergoes hybrid network formation 2,8,9 . In particular, the previous study by our research team showed that the copolymerization of bisphenol A benzoxazine and cycloaliphatic epoxy resulted in a resin system with low viscosity that was desirable for advanced composite processing and also an increase of up to 40% in the glass transition temperature, T g , and cross‐linked density that can be suitable in high‐temperature aerospace applications 10 . The solid surfaces of such copolymers at high temperatures can undergo thermo‐oxidative degradation that lead to weight‐loss, surface cracking, and surface morphology changes 11 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Effect of thermo‐oxidative aging on surface characteristics of benzoxazine and epoxy copolymer

Moghtadernejad

Barjasteh

Johnson

et al. 2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The copolymer of bisphenol A‐based benzoxazine and cycloaliphatic epoxy resin possesses greater processability and glass‐transition temperature compared to that of benzoxazine homopolymer, making it suitable for high‐temperature aerospace applications. The aim of this work is to investigate the behavior of the copolymers under thermos‐oxidative aging conditions using the surface characterization techniques. The benzoxazine homopolymer and copolymer samples were thermally aged in an air‐circulating oven under controlled temperatures of 180 and 200°C for various periods of time up to 24 weeks. The thermo‐oxidative‐induced weight change and surface cracking were monitored for samples during the aging period. As an alternative method to characterize thermal aging, static contact angle, and contact angle hysteresis of samples were measured over time. Moreover, droplet impact tests using deionized water were performed on stationary and moving samples to investigate the effects of aging time and temperature on impact dynamics of droplets. In addition, FTIR analysis was performed to evaluate the chemical changes on the surface of samples. The results indicated the extent of degradation of aged samples increased with increasing the aging time and temperature. In addition, the copolymer of cycloaliphatic epoxy and benzoxazine showed a greater amount of thermos‐oxidative degradation than the one for benzoxazine homopolymer. More importantly, the results obtained from the surface analysis measurements (e.g., contact angle) followed a similar trend to the one obtained from the traditional aging experiments (e.g., weight change). This showed the former nondestructive and simple method can be used to monitor thermal aging of materials in service.

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Bisphenol-A benzoxazine and cycloaliphatic epoxy copolymer for composite processing by resin infusion

Cited by 17 publications

References 52 publications

Development and characterization of graphite nanoplatelets filled copolymer of benzoxazine and epoxy

Development and characterization of graphite nanoplatelets filled copolymer of benzoxazine and epoxy

Amino-Functionalized Lead Phthalocyanine-Modified Benzoxazine Resin: Curing Kinetics, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties

Effect of thermo‐oxidative aging on surface characteristics of benzoxazine and epoxy copolymer

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