Bisphenol Analogues in Sediments from Industrialized Areas in the United States, Japan, and Korea: Spatial and Temporal Distributions

Abstract

Bisphenol analogues are used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Despite the widespread use of bisphenols, few studies have reported the occurrence of compounds other than bisphenol A (BPA) in sediment. In this study, concentrations and profiles of eight bisphenol analogues were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) in sediments collected from several industrialized areas in the United States (U.S.), Japan, and Korea. The total concentrations of bisphenols (ΣBPs; sum of eight bisphenols) in sediment ranged from below the limit of quantitation (LOQ) to 25,300 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a mean value of 201 ng/g dw. Sediment samples from Lake Shihwa, Korea, contained the highest concentrations of both individual and total bisphenols. Among individual bisphenols, BPA and bisphenol F (BPF) were the predominant compounds, accounting for 64% and 30% of the total bisphenol concentrations in sediment. We also examined vertical profiles of concentrations of bisphenol analogues in sediment cores from the U.S. and Japan. Sediment cores from the U.S. showed a gradual decline in the concentrations of bisphenols as compared to the past decade. BPA concentrations were found to decline in a sediment core from Tokyo Bay, but bisphenol S (BPS) was more frequently detected in core sections that represent the most recent decade, which is consistent with the replacement of BPA with BPS in some applications since 2001 in Japan.

Distribution and estrogenic potential of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in estuarine sediments from Mumbai, India

“…Liao et al (2012) reports highest concentration of BPA was found in sediment from Korea (mean: 567, median: 6.02 μg kg − 1 dw), followed by Japan (8.17 and 8.30 μg kg −1 dw), and the USA (5.14 and 1.49 μg kg −1 dw). Bisphenol A concentration in sediment from Medway River, UK was reported in range of 7.7-56.1 μg kg −1 (dw) (Hibberd et al 2009).…”

Thermal Reaction: The Spread of Bisphenol S via Paper Products

“…Although scientists are just beginning to analyze the safety of BPS, studies suggest this compound is already pervasive in the environment, 5 in paper products, 6 and in the human body.…”

Kinetics and thermodynamics studies for bisphenol S adsorption on reduced graphene oxide

“…It has been frequently detected in surface water (0-6840 ng L À1 ), 2 sediments (0.002-1970 ng g À1 dry weight), 3 sewage sludge (0.17-110 ng g À1 dry weight), 4 wastes such as human urine, 5,6 and daily products.…”