Bitter melon: a panacea for inflammation and cancer

Abstract

Nature is a rich source of medicinal plants and their products that are useful for treatment of various diseases and disorders. Momordica charantia, commonly known as bitter melon or bitter gourd, is one of such plants known for its biological activities used in traditional system of medicines. This plant is cultivated in all over the world, including tropical areas of Asia, Amazon, east Africa, and the Caribbean and used as a vegetable as well as folk medicine. All parts of the plant, including the fruit, are commonly consumed and cooked with different vegetables, stir-fried, stuffed or used in small quantities in soups or beans to give a slightly bitter flavor and taste. The plant is reported to possess anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, anti-obesity, and immunomodulatory activities. The plant extract inhibits cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, autophagy and inhibiting cancer stem cells. The plant is rich in bioactive chemical constituents like cucurbitane type triterpenoids, triterpene glycosides, phenolic acids, flavonoids, essential oils, saponins, fatty acids, and proteins. Some of the isolated compounds (Kuguacin J, Karaviloside XI, Kuguaglycoside C, Momordicoside Q–U, Charantin, α-eleostearic acid) and proteins (α-Momorcharin, RNase MC2, MAP30) possess potent biological activity. In the present review, we are summarizing the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities of Momordica charantia along with a short account of important chemical constituents, providing a basis for establishing detail biological activities of the plant and developing novel drug molecules based on the active chemical constituents.

Phytochemical profile and biological activities of Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae): A review

“…charantia is known to inhibit the growth of cancer cells by inducing of apoptosis (Dandawate et al, 2016). For example, the protein MAP30 present in São Caetano melon seeds, has an effect on liver cancer, HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma models of human hepatoma and rat cells .…”

MAP30 promotes apoptosis of U251 and U87 cells by suppressing the LGR5 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and enhancing Smac expression

“…Previous studies indicated that MAP30 exhibits a variety of anti-infection, anti-diabetic, antiviral and antitumor bioactive effects (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). The antitumor ability of MAP30 has been the subject of previous studies (11)(12)(13)(14)(15).…”

Bioactive properties and phenolic profile of Momordica charantia L. medicinal plant growing wild in Trinidad and Tobago

“…The fruits of the wild variety are of one-fifth comparing to the cultivated analogue. Karela has been used worldwide for a number of ailments, including diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cancer, as well as AIDS, and hundreds of studies have been published regarding these biological activities (Dandawate et al, 2016;Fang and Ng, 2011;Habicht et al, 2014;Tan et al, 2016;Upadhyay et al, 2015). The biological activity is usually attributed to the content of triterpenoids and proteins, for example momordicines, cucurbitacins and momorcharins (Grover and Yadav, 2004).…”