Bitter pit in apples: pre- and postharvest factors: A review

Jemrić, Tomislav; Fruk, Ivan; Fruk, Mladen; Radman, Sanja; Sinkovič, Lovro; Fruk, Goran

doi:10.5424/sjar/2016144-8491

Cited by 46 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…In addition to region, rootstock choice is one of the most critical elements of any apple orchard to provide sufficient growth control, enhanced precocity, higher yield, improved adaptability to environmental conditions, and better fruit quality [ 25 ]. In addition to effects on these traits, apple rootstocks have a diverse influence on the nutritional status of the tree canopy, are implicated in the physiology of BP and, therefore, can affect the occurrence of BP [ 26 , 27 , 28 ], as it is demonstrated in our results. However, the BP response to tissue mineral status is variable depending on the rootstock and the region where it is planted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

‘Honeycrisp’ Bitter Pit Response to Rootstock and Region under Eastern New York Climatic Conditions

Donahue

Reig²,

Elone

et al. 2021

Plants

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There are still unknown factors at play in the causation of bitter pit in ‘Honeycrisp’ as well as in other apple varieties. To investigate some of these factors, we conducted a survey of 34 ‘Honeycrisp’ orchard blocks distributed across two disparate production regions in eastern New York State, representing a variety of rootstocks, over three growing seasons. Weather, soil, horticultural traits, fruit quality traits, pick timing, leaf and peel minerals were evaluated for their impact on bitter pit (BP) incidence; factors were further evaluated for their interaction with region and rootstock. ‘Honeycrisp’ trees on B.9 rootstock were smaller but with comparable terminal shoot growth when compared to those on M.26 and M.9 rootstocks. B.9 fruits, which had similar fruit size to M.26 and M.9 and had good fruit quality at harvest and after storage, were much less likely to express bitter pit symptoms compared to M.9 and M.26 rootstocks. Not all traits evaluated individually correlated significatively with bitter pit incidence after a period in storage. Depending on rootstock and region, the correlation could be significant in one situation, with no correlation at all in another. In this study, peel Mg/Ca ratio and peel Ca correlated with BP for all three rootstocks, with the strongest correlations associated with the M.9 clones. These same traits correlated with BP for both regions. Pick timing had a significant influence on BP incidence following storage, with later picks offering better bitter pit storage performance. While excessively large fruits, those in the 48 and 56 count size categories, were found to be highly susceptible to BP regardless of rootstock, B.9 BP fruit susceptibility for smaller sizes was found to be size neutral. A PLSR prediction model for each rootstock and each region showed that different variables correlated to BP depending on the situation. Thus, the results could suggest that in addition to the variables considered in this study, there are other less studied factors that can influence the expression of BP symptoms. We strongly suggest that rootstock BP performance be considered a critical parameter when planning a commercial ‘Honeycrisp’ orchard and be evaluated in rootstock breeding and development programs prior to wide commercial release.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

‘Honeycrisp’ Bitter Pit Response to Rootstock and Region under Eastern New York Climatic Conditions

Donahue

Reig²,

Elone

et al. 2021

Plants

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“…In addition, calcium is involved in signal transduction in plants [ 16 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ]. Hormonal signaling is one of the physiological mechanisms related to the signs of the deficiency of this element in apples (bitter pit) [ 58 ]. The binding of Ca 2+ to Ca 2+ -sensors, such as calmodulin, induces appropriate physiological cellular responses via modulation of the functions of target proteins, especially kinases involved in a plethora of cellular processes, including ion transport, metabolism, post-translational protein modifications, and gene expression [ 59 , 60 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrastructure of Cells and Microanalysis in Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Szampion’ Fruit in Relation to Varied Calcium Foliar Feeding

et al. 2020

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Calcium is one of the most poorly reutilized nutrients. Its deficiencies cause various physiological disturbances and, consequently, reduce the quantity and quality of yields. Reduced content of Ca2+ ions in cells leads to development of, e.g., bitter pit in apples. Efficient and instantaneous mitigation of Ca2+ deficiencies is provided by foliar feeding. There are no detailed data on the effect of foliar feeding with various calcium forms on the cell structure or on the microanalysis and mapping of this element in apple fruit cells. Therefore, we carried out comparative studies of the ultrastructure of epidermis and hypodermis cells, to assess the content and distribution of calcium in the cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, and precipitates of Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Szampion’ fruit exposed to four Ca treatments, including the control with no additional Ca supplementation (I) and foliar applications of Ca(NO3)2 (II), CaCl2 (III), and Ca chelated with EDTA (IV). Light and transmission electron microscopy and an X-ray microanalyzer were used and showed a beneficial effect of calcium preparations on the ultrastructure of fruit epidermis and hypodermis cells, manifested in the presence of a normally developed cell wall with a regular middle lamella, preserved continuity of cytoplasmic membranes, and stabilized cell structure. In the selected elements of apical epidermis cells, the highest level of Ca2+ ions was detected in the middle lamella, cell wall, plasmalemma, and cytoplasm. The highest increase in the Ca2+ content in these cell constituents was recorded in treatment IV, whereas the lowest value of the parameters was noted in variant III.

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“…Specifically, the antagonistic relationships of Ca with K and Mg seen in apple bitter pit and strawberry tip burn, respectively, are due to the ability of these other cations to move freely via the phloem and compete with Ca, influencing allocation to different organs [14,64]. Moreover, in apple, the role of K, Mg, Zn, and Mn, and ratios between these cations and Ca, have been known for more than two decades though their role is still not fully understood [65].…”

Section: Future Research Directions For Green Fruit Drop In Blueberrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Foliar Calcium Corrects a Deficiency Causing Green Fruit Drop in ‘Draper’ Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)

Gerbrandt

Mouritzen²,

Sweeney

2019

Agriculture

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‘Draper’ northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) is a widely-planted mid-season cultivar with excellent fruit quality. Under the climatic conditions of Southwestern British Columbia, Canada, and Northwestern Washington, USA, it expresses a physiological disorder causing spontaneous green fruit drop (GFD) of up to half of the developing crop just prior to onset of the fruit coloring phenophase. Reduction of economic losses due to GFD required identification of the cause of this disorder and development of an agronomic solution that would reduce fruit drop. In 2014, two initial experiments were conducted to compare three foliar Ca products under a range of N fertilization rates. In 2015 and 2016, three locations were used in a first step to optimizing rates and timings of foliar Ca application. Initial experiments determined that higher N fertilization rates exacerbate GFD but that foliar Ca corrects the condition. Multi-site, multi-year trials identified key rates and timings for foliar Ca application to provide an agronomic solution for commercial growers. These trials identified an acute fruit Ca deficiency as the cause of GFD, and that foliar calcium applied frequently at high concentration from mid-bloom onward can be effective in reducing GFD, often to negligible levels. This condition has now been reported in several production regions around the world.

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Bitter pit in apples: pre- and postharvest factors: A review

Cited by 46 publications

References 73 publications

‘Honeycrisp’ Bitter Pit Response to Rootstock and Region under Eastern New York Climatic Conditions

‘Honeycrisp’ Bitter Pit Response to Rootstock and Region under Eastern New York Climatic Conditions

Ultrastructure of Cells and Microanalysis in Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Szampion’ Fruit in Relation to Varied Calcium Foliar Feeding

Foliar Calcium Corrects a Deficiency Causing Green Fruit Drop in ‘Draper’ Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)

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