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Chalmers, A. G.; Bacon, E. T. G.; Clarke, James H.

doi:10.1023/a:1004857310473

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…One explanation for the limited PAN benefits observed in this study, could be due to the dominance of grasses in GLSA mix and high C:N ratio of the GLSA biomass, compared to other studies which contained higher proportion of legumes [2,34]. The C:N ratios observed in this study (Table A2) in both years was higher than 25:1 and probably resulted in some N immobilization.…”

Section: On-farm Regional Analysis Of 3-year-old Grassland Set-asides Shows Inconsistent Resultscontrasting

confidence: 75%

“…These confounding results are inconsistent with other GLSA studies that found PAN benefits for crop production following GLSA incorporation. For example, Chalmers et al [2] followed PAN on fields after incorporation of 3-year perennial rye grass and perennial grass-white clover mixed GLSA on several soil types in England and found PAN benefits 30 kg ha −1 down to 90 cm depth early in the production season of compared to annually cropped fields. Another study on a sandy loam soil in Ghent, Belgium tracked PAN in the first growing season following spring ploughing of a 3-year-old grazed GLSA and found 124-150 kg N ha −1 more compared to continuously cropped fields [8].…”

Section: On-farm Regional Analysis Of 3-year-old Grassland Set-asides Shows Inconsistent Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Grassland set-asides (GLSA), also known as grassland-arable rotations and grass-leys, are a management scheme that replaces crop production on arable land with perennial grasses for various economic and ecological purposes [1]. Between 1988 and 2008, the European Union utilized a set-aside program as an economic tool to control the supply of cereal crops [2], while the United States in 1985 established a reserve program, comprised of millions of hectares of GLSA to reduce soil erosion and to promote wild bird habitat [3]. In Canada, three GLSA programs have been utilized since 1988, to control soil erosion as well as create bird habitat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nitrogen Dynamics Following Incorporation of 3-Year Old Grassland Set-Asides in the Fraser River Delta of British Columbia

Walji

Kržić

Bondar³

et al. 2020

Agronomy

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Short-term grassland set-asides (GLSA) have been incorporated into intensive annual crop rotations to improve soil quality. The legacy of the GLSA to subsequent annual crops, however, is not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine the impacts of 3-year-old GLSA on nitrogen (N) dynamics and the yield of the subsequent cash crop. A regional analysis was conducted over two years, utilizing eight production fields transitioning from GLSA, paired with fields in continuous annual crop rotation (ACR) with matching management. A controlled plot-scale experiment was also conducted on a single 3-year-old GLSA, comparing fertilizer types, rates, and timing of incorporation. In each experiment, soils were sampled every 10–14 days for ammonium (NH4+-N) and nitrate (NO3−-N), along with ion probes, installed near the rooting zone to track plant available nitrogen (PAN) throughout the season. The results from the regional analysis are confounding, in 2015 showing that GLSA supplied an additional 18 kg PAN ha−1 compared to ACR but showed no PAN benefits in 2016. The controlled plot-scale experiment highlighted the importance of fertilizer type to subsequent PAN, showing synthetic treatments consistently supplied more PAN than organic. The results from this study suggest that 3-year-old GLSAs can potentially improve PAN to subsequent crops depending on how they are managed.

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Section: On-farm Regional Analysis Of 3-year-old Grassland Set-asides Shows Inconsistent Resultscontrasting

confidence: 75%

Section: On-farm Regional Analysis Of 3-year-old Grassland Set-asides Shows Inconsistent Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Nitrogen Dynamics Following Incorporation of 3-Year Old Grassland Set-Asides in the Fraser River Delta of British Columbia

Walji

Kržić

Bondar³

et al. 2020

Agronomy

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“…165 This is clear from the judgment of Lord Hamilton, who whilst stressing the need for mens rea, acknowledged that '[this] element, may, of course, be proved in various ways, including proof by inference from external facts'. 166 As such, where the risk is obvious, it follows that the defendant, despite their protestations otherwise, will almost certainly be judged to have foreseen the risk, 167 with awareness of the dangers inherent within behaviour which manifests a 'complete disregard' 'attributed to [them.]'. 168 As doctors are well qualified, where death results from a clinical error, the errant physician will almost certainly be alert to the risks within their conduct.…”

Section: Culpable Homicide: Benefits Of Scots Lawmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reforming Medical Manslaughter, the Scottish Way?

Lilleker

2023

The Journal of Criminal Law

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In responding to the Williams Review into gross negligence manslaughter in a medical setting, the Medical Protection Society called for English law to adopt the approach currently relied upon in Scotland. This article provides an overview of culpable homicide, before considering how any novel offence based on Scots law could be introduced in England and Wales. The benefits of culpable homicide over gross negligence manslaughter are addressed, with consideration of whether existing medical cases would attract punishment under any novel offence. It is argued that notwithstanding the higher threshold of culpability required by culpable homicide, Scots law cannot be considered a panacea. Rather, due to the detrimental impact that any novel crime would have on the existing structure of involuntary manslaughter, efforts to adopt the law north of the border within England and Wales should be avoided.

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Solute movement through intact columns of cryoturbated Upper Chalk

Mahmood‐ul‐Hassan

Akhtar

Gregory

2007

Hydrological Processes

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Abstract:Cryoturbated Upper Chalk is a dichotomous porous medium wherein the intra-fragment porosity provides water storage and the inter-fragment porosity provides potential pathways for relatively rapid flow near saturation. Chloride tracer movement through 43 cm long and 45 cm diameter undisturbed chalk columns was studied at water application rates of 0Ð3, 1Ð0, and 1Ð5 cm h 1 . Microscale heterogeneity in effluent was recorded using a grid collection system consisting of 98 funnel-shaped cells each 3Ð5 cm in diameter. The total porosity of the columns was 0Ð47 š 0Ð02 m 3 m 3 , approximately 13% of pores were ½15 µm diameter, and the saturated hydraulic conductivity was 12Ð66 š 1Ð31 m day 1 . Although the column remained unsaturated during the leaching even at all application rates, proportionate flow through macropores increased as the application rate decreased. The number of dry cells (with 0 ml of effluent) increased as application rate decreased. Half of the leachate was collected from 15, 19 and 22 cells at 0Ð3, 1Ð0, 1Ð5 cm h 1 application rates respectively. Similar breakthrough curves (BTCs) were obtained at all three application rates when plotted as a function of cumulative drainage, but they were distinctly different when plotted as a function of time. The BTCs indicate that the columns have similar drainage requirement irrespective of application rates, as the rise to the maxima (C/C o ) is almost similar. However, the time required to achieve that leaching requirement varies with application rates, and residence time was less in the case of a higher application rate. A two-region convection-dispersion model was used to describe the BTCs and fitted well (r 2 D 0Ð97-0Ð99). There was a linear relationship between dispersion coefficient and pore water velocity (correlation coefficient r D 0Ð95). The results demonstrate the microscale heterogeneity of hydrodynamic properties in the Upper Chalk.

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Untitled

Cited by 14 publications

References 11 publications

Nitrogen Dynamics Following Incorporation of 3-Year Old Grassland Set-Asides in the Fraser River Delta of British Columbia

Nitrogen Dynamics Following Incorporation of 3-Year Old Grassland Set-Asides in the Fraser River Delta of British Columbia

Reforming Medical Manslaughter, the Scottish Way?

Solute movement through intact columns of cryoturbated Upper Chalk

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