Black carbon toxicity dependence on particle coating: Measurements with a novel cell exposure method

Hakkarainen, Henri; Salo, Laura; Mikkonen, Santtu; Saarikoski, Sanna; Aurela, Minna; Teinilä, Kimmo; Ihalainen, Mika; Martikainen, Sampsa; Marjanen, Petteri; Lepistö, Teemu; Kuittinen, Niina; Saarnio, Karri; Aakko-Saksa, Päivi; Pfeiffer, Tobias V.; Timonen, Hilkka; Rönkkö, Topi; Jalava, Pasi

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156543

Cited by 27 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…A detailed description of the cell culture protocol can be found in our previous studies of Hakkarainen et al, 2022 and 2023. 24,40 Briey, the A549 human alveolar epithelial cells (ATCC®, CCL-158™) were cultured on the basal side of the inserts' membrane four to six days preceding the exposures. The seeding densities of the cells depended on the exposure day and were 400 000 cells per mL, 220 000 cells per mL, 200 000 cells per mL, and 180 000 cells per mL for inserts exposed three, four, ve, and six days later, respectively.…”

Section: Exposuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of fuel composition and vehicle operating temperature on in vitro toxicity of exhaust emissions

Hakkarainen,

Järvinen,

Lepistö

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci.: Atmos.

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Section: Exposuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of fuel composition and vehicle operating temperature on in vitro toxicity of exhaust emissions

Hakkarainen,

Järvinen,

Lepistö

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci.: Atmos.

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“…Therefore, ambient measurements of soot concentrations and properties are of great importance to constrain and model its effects. Soot measurements are complicated by the fact that the ambient aerosol is a dynamic mixture and that soot from different sources may not possess the same properties in terms of chemical content and nano-structure (Vander Wal et al, 2010;Malmborg et al, 2019), light absorption (Sandradewi et al, 2008), size (Schwarz et al, 2008) and toxicity (Hakkarainen et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement report: Black carbon properties and concentrations in southern Sweden urban and rural air – the importance of long-range transport

et al. 2023

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Abstract. Soot, or black carbon (BC), aerosol is a major climate forcer with severe health effects. The impacts depend strongly on particle number concentration, size and mixing state. This work reports on two field campaigns at nearby urban and rural sites, 65 km apart, in southern Sweden during late summer 2018. BC was measured using a single-particle soot photometer (SP2) and Aethalometers (AE33). Differences in BC concentrations between the sites are driven primarily by local traffic emissions. Equivalent and refractory BC mass concentrations at the urban site were on average a factor 2.2 and 2.5, with peaks during rush hour up to a factor ∼4, higher than the rural background levels. The number fraction of particles containing a soot core was significantly higher in the city. BC particles at the urban site were on average smaller by mass and had less coating owing to fresh traffic emissions. The organic components of the fresh traffic plumes were similar in mass spectral signature to hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA), commonly associated with traffic. Despite the intense local traffic (∼ 30 000 vehicles passing per day), PM1, including organic aerosol, was dominated by aged continental air masses even at the curbside site. The fraction of thickly coated particles at the urban site was highly correlated with the mass concentrations of all measured chemical species of PM1, consistent with aged, internally mixed aerosol. Trajectory analysis for the whole year showed that air masses arriving at the rural site from eastern Europe contained approximately double the amount of BC compared to air masses from western Europe. Furthermore, the largest regional emissions of BC transported to the rural site, from the Malmö–Copenhagen urban area, are discernible above background levels only when precipitation events are excluded. We show that continental Europe and not the Malmö–Copenhagen region is the major contributor to the background BC mass concentrations in southern Sweden.

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“…Additional air-quality metrics, such as particle number concentration, oxidative potential, and chemical composition, have been proposed to disentangle the health effects of combustion particles, ,− the mass of which is too small to be efficiently regulated by mass-based metrics. Several studies show that fresh and mature diesel exhaust soot and carbon black soot model particles strongly produce reactive oxygen species and are genotoxic. − There is also growing information on the association of organic carbon fractions with health effects. ,− Organic carbon primary gas-phase emissions contribute to the formation of secondary organic matter, an important constituent of the PM 2.5 mass . Studies indicate adverse health impacts arise from PM emissions containing carbonaceous material, yet it has been impossible to clearly apportion responses to specific types of carbonaceous materials, e.g., organic versus elemental carbon, and primary versus secondary organic material …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies show that fresh and mature diesel exhaust soot and carbon black soot model particles strongly produce reactive oxygen species and are genotoxic. 15 − 17 There is also growing information on the association of organic carbon fractions with health effects. 13 , 17 − 20 Organic carbon primary gas-phase emissions contribute to the formation of secondary organic matter, an important constituent of the PM 2.5 mass.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 15 − 17 There is also growing information on the association of organic carbon fractions with health effects. 13 , 17 − 20 Organic carbon primary gas-phase emissions contribute to the formation of secondary organic matter, an important constituent of the PM 2.5 mass. 21 Studies indicate adverse health impacts arise from PM emissions containing carbonaceous material, yet it has been impossible to clearly apportion responses to specific types of carbonaceous materials, e.g., organic versus elemental carbon, and primary versus secondary organic material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of Secondary Organic Matter on Soot Particle Toxicity in Reconstituted Human Bronchial Epithelia Exposed at the Air–Liquid Interface

Leni

Ess

Keller

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Secondary organic matter (SOM) formed from gaseous precursors constitutes a major mass fraction of fine particulate matter. However, there is only limited evidence on its toxicological impact. In this study, air−liquid interface cultures of human bronchial epithelia were exposed to different series of fresh and aged soot particles generated by a miniCAST burner combined with a micro smog chamber (MSC). Soot cores with geometric mean mobility diameters of 30 and 90 nm were coated with increasing amounts of SOM, generated from the photo-oxidation of mesitylene and ozonolysis of α-pinene. At 24 h after exposure, the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), indicating cell membrane damage, was measured and proteome analysis, i.e. the release of 102 cytokines and chemokines to assess the inflammatory response, was performed. The data indicate that the presence of the SOM coating and its bioavailability play an important role in cytotoxicity. In particular, LDH release increased with increasing SOM mass/total particle mass ratio, but only when SOM had condensed on the outer surface of the soot cores. Proteome analysis provided further evidence for substantial interference of coated particles with essential properties of the respiratory epithelium as a barrier as well as affecting cell remodeling and inflammatory activity.

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Black carbon toxicity dependence on particle coating: Measurements with a novel cell exposure method

Cited by 27 publications

References 75 publications

Effects of fuel composition and vehicle operating temperature on in vitro toxicity of exhaust emissions

Effects of fuel composition and vehicle operating temperature on in vitro toxicity of exhaust emissions

Measurement report: Black carbon properties and concentrations in southern Sweden urban and rural air – the importance of long-range transport

Role of Secondary Organic Matter on Soot Particle Toxicity in Reconstituted Human Bronchial Epithelia Exposed at the Air–Liquid Interface

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