Black Life and Death across the U.S.-Canada Border: Border Violence, Black Fugitive Belonging, and a Turtle Island View of Black Liberation

SARS-CoV-2 testing and COVID-19–related primary care use among people with citizenship, permanent residency, and temporary immigration status: an analysis of population-based administrative data in British Columbia

“…This intersection of poverty and immigration status appears in our results, where there was increasing burden of COVID-19 with decreasing neighbourhood incomes for all groups; yet, people with temporary immigration status were both more likely to live in lower income neighbourhoods and also experience the highest SARS-CoV-2 test positivity in those neighbourhood income quintiles. People with temporary immigration status are also more likely than citizens or permanent residents to be racialized within Canada (Tuyisenge & Goldenberg, 2021 ); though, Indigenous people and Black communities with histories of enslavement have been here long before the border currently enforced under federal immigration policy, and also continue to struggle against a contested citizenship and inequitable health outcomes (Maynard, 2019 ; Turpel-Lafond, 2020 ). The interconnected effects of poverty, racism, and control of movement continue the history of settler colonialism and racial capitalism in the Canadian state formation, where colonial border regulations not only regulate and control movement of Indigenous people on their lands, but also categorize immigrants upon entry and specific, often racialized groups are placed in the temporary programs that can then determine employment, income, and geographic circumstances (Claxton et al 2021 ).…”

SARS-CoV-2 testing and COVID-19 related primary care use among people with citizenship, permanent residency, and temporary immigration status in British Columbia: Cross-sectional analysis of population-based administrative data

“…This historic and ongoing asymmetry of benefit underlies the expansion of temporary immigration programs over the past four decades, and is persistently challenged by temporary and precarious migrants advocating to uphold their human and labour rights (46). Indigenous peoples and Black communities with histories of enslavement have been here long before the border currently enforced under federal immigration policy, and continue to struggle against a contested citizenship and inequitable health outcomes (47)(48)(49)(50). This analysis has limitations.…”

The Discursive Construction of Race: A Comparative Analysis of Government Responses to the Capitol Hill Insurrection and 2020 Black Lives Matter Protests

“…The settlement of Black people is important to this country's history of imposing unbelonging and othering based on race, through marginalization that produced poor socio economic conditions. Questioning Black fugitive belonging is part of a legacy of anti-Black disposability and spatial control that is defined by its meaning of a legal citizen (Maynard, 2019). Migrant Justice scholars Nandita Sharma and Harsha Walia summarize the categorizations, stating "the construction of the citizen justifies the construction of the raced, classed, and gendered 'undesirable' migrant/non-citizen, whose legal status remains precarious, a 'formal outsider' within the nation state" (Maynard, 2019 p.127) Maynard clarifies that Black migrants were placed in especially complex positions that other migrants could not claim, as a product of slavery and identified as chattel, citizenship was reserved for the White, civilized national subject ( 2019).…”