Black mould of post-harvest tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) caused by Cladosporium cladosporioides in Australia

Ma, Minxiao; Silva, Dilani D. de; Taylor, P. W. J.

doi:10.1007/s13314-020-00395-8

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Regular utilization of chemical fungicides contributes to the development of resistance in harmful fungi, rendering their control increasingly challenging ( 41 ). The isolation of similar post-harvest fungi has been observed in previous studies, which included the isolation of Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium cladosporioides from tomatoes ( 13 , 37 , 42 ), Penicillium expansum , from apple fruit ( 38 , 43 ), Monilinia fructicola from peaches ( 44 ), and Fusarium oxysporum from potatoes ( 45 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…This pathogen inflicts significant harm to host plants during storage, and currently, there is a lack of effective fungicides for its control. As a result, there exists a pressing need to develop a safe biocontrol agent to combat this issue ( 13 ). Brown rot disease occurs during the post-harvest period of stone fruit due to the infection with Monilinia spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of bioactive compounds of Bacillus velezensis HNA3 that contribute to its dual effects as plant growth promoter and biocontrol against post-harvested fungi

Zaid,

Li,

Yang

et al. 2023

Microbiol Spectr

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Bacillus velezensis HNA3 displayed dual bioactivities as a plant growth promoter and a biocontrol agent against five isolated post-harvest phytopathogens: Alternaria alternata , Cladosporium cladosporioides , Penicillium expansum , Monilinia fructicola , and Fusarium oxysporum . Moreover, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by HNA3 exhibited remarkable efficacy, achieving 100% fungal inhibition against Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium cladosporioides . This is the initial study to demonstrate the HNA3-emitted VOCs effect on enhancing soybean seedling growth and seed germination by breaking seed dormancy and improving root construction. Semi-VOCs and emitted VOCs were identified by two methods of extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 14 main VOCs were detected; phenol,2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid are the most abundant semi-VOCs, both are known to have anti-fungal and plant growth-promoting properties. 9-Octadecenoic acid (z)-, methyl ester is the most common volatile compound emitted by HNA3 followed by hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester and heptadecanoic acid, methyl ester. It is noteworthy that heptadecanoic acid, methyl ester has not been previously detected in Bacillus spp. Pure 9-octadecenoic acid (z)-, methyl ester, as well as heptadecanoic acid, methyl ester, exhibited inhibitory effects on the fungal growth of all isolated phytopathogens. Interestingly, when combined, these compounds synergistically eradicated fungal growth. Indole acetic acid and serotonin, both classified as plant growth-promoting indoles, have been identified within HNA3. Moreover, during the phytopathogen inhibition stage, HNA3 demonstrated upregulation in gene expression associated with non-VOCs, including bacillibactin, bacillomycin, bacilysin, and surfactin. This study publicized an extensive variety of bioactive compounds produced by HNA3 liable for its bioactivities. IMPORTANCE The current study is an extension to our previous work on the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Bacillus velezensis HNA3 strain, which comes to confirm and reveals the huge stock of active secondary metabolites produced by HNA3. HNA3-emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have demonstrated the capacity to impede the growth of phytopathogens affecting some fruits and vegetables, even in the absence of direct contact. Additionally, these volatiles enhanced soybean seed germination by breaking seed dormancy and inducing root system development. Furthermore, they promoted seedling growth, giving it prominence in soybean cultivation. The relevance of active volatiles derives from the fact that they can be developed as natural-safe biocontrol agents and plant promoters. This research validates the remarkable bioactivities exhibited by the Bacillus velezensis HNA3 and their potential applications in agriculture as an inoculant, encompassing biocontrol, plant growth promotion, and seed germination activities, thereby offering a safer alternative to hazardous chemicals.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of bioactive compounds of Bacillus velezensis HNA3 that contribute to its dual effects as plant growth promoter and biocontrol against post-harvested fungi

Zaid,

Li,

Yang

et al. 2023

Microbiol Spectr

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First report of Cladosporium cladosporioides, C. oxysporum, and C. uredinicola as potential pathogens on tomato shoots system in Iraq

Razak

Abass

2021

Appl Nanosci

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First Report of Fruit Rot of Sweet Pepper Caused by Cladosporium cladosporioides in Israel

2022

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Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important vegetable crop grown in Israel for local and export markets. Bell pepper ‘Dinamo’ and sweet bite pepper exhibiting fruit spotting were observed in postharvest storage of commercial farms in Giv’at Ko’ah (32°02’21″ N; 34°56’41″ E) and Arava (30°46’41″ N; 35°14’28″ E) in July, 2021. Fruit with lesions were sporadic at each facility, however, limited numbers of packaged boxes were discarded due to a high percentage of symptomatic fruit. The spots appeared as slightly sunken dark brown or black lesions, coated by a fine velvety layer of olive-grey conidia (Suppl. Fig. 1). A fungus was routinely isolated from the fruit onto potato dextrose agar amended with 50 ppm chloramphenicol (PDAC) and was tentatively identified as a Cladosporium spp. based on colony morphology and conidial appearance (Suppl. Fig. 1). Isolates (n = 6) of the fungus were cultured on malt extract agar (MEA) and PDA for morphological observation. On MEA, the pathogen sporulated profusely and conidia measured 4.5 (3 - 7) × 3.5 (2 - 4) µm and were smooth and globose or sub-globose. Ramoconidia had 0 or 1 septations and measured 13.4 (10 – 18) × 3.9 (3 - 6) µm. Conidiophores were solitary, straight or flexous, usually unbranched, and measured 60 - 350 µm. Both macro- and micronematous conidiophores were present. Hyphae were flat and immersed, olivaceous-grey, septate and rope-like. The fungus was slow growing, reaching 41.0 mm after 10 d incubation at 20°C. To confirm species identity, the isolates were grown in potato dextrose broth and DNA was extracted from the mycelium using MasterPure DNA Purification Kit (EpiCentre, Madison, WI, USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified using primers ITS 1 and ITS 4, and elongation factor-1 and actin gene regions with EF1-728F/986R and ACT-512F/783R, respectively (Carbone and Kohn, 1999). The PCR products were sequenced and a BLASTn search showed 99-100% similarity to Cladosporium cladosporioides (GenBank accession nos. MW255614.1, MK416093.1, MK306457.1), a common fungal species found worldwide as a plant pathogen and saphrophyte (Bensch et al., 2012). The ITS gene sequences for a representative isolate from each location were deposited in GenBank (accession nos. OK104139.1 and OL672241.1). To confirm pathogenicity, red bell pepper fruits (n = 8) were wounded with a sterile needle and a 12 µl drop of conidial suspension (4 x 105/ml) of each isolate was pipetted onto the wound. Control fruit received sterile water. The fruit were incubated at 100% RH in sealed containers at 20-22°C. After 7-10 d incubation small dark sunken spots developed, and by 14 d lesions formed with velvety conidial growth similar to the ones originally observed. The fungus was successfully isolated again from the lesions onto PDA and confirmed as C. cladosporioides based on colony and conidial morphology. No symptoms developed on fruit inoculated with sterile water. The pathogenicity test was repeated two times with similar results. C. cladosporioides is a cosmopolitan pathogen and has been cited causing disease on numerous crops worldwide (Bensch et al., 2012). This species was reported causing tomato leaf spot in Mexico (Robles-Yerena et al., 2019) and black mould of tomato fruit in Australia (Ma et al., 2020). Cladosporium herbarum was found causing fruit rot of bell pepper in the U.S. (Ramsey and Heiberg, 1952). Sweet peppers are widely grown in Israel, and have high economic value as an export crop. Control measures to limit losses from C. cladosporioides postharvest may be necessary if conditions are favorable for disease during prolonged storage and refrigerated transport.

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Black mould of post-harvest tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) caused by Cladosporium cladosporioides in Australia

Cited by 5 publications

References 7 publications

Identification of bioactive compounds of Bacillus velezensis HNA3 that contribute to its dual effects as plant growth promoter and biocontrol against post-harvested fungi

Identification of bioactive compounds of Bacillus velezensis HNA3 that contribute to its dual effects as plant growth promoter and biocontrol against post-harvested fungi

First report of Cladosporium cladosporioides, C. oxysporum, and C. uredinicola as potential pathogens on tomato shoots system in Iraq

First Report of Fruit Rot of Sweet Pepper Caused by Cladosporium cladosporioides in Israel

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