Black Phosphorus Nano-Polarizer with High Extinction Ratio in Visible and Near-Infrared Regime

Shen, Wanfu; Hu, Chunguang; Huo, Shuchun; Sun, Zhaoyang; Fan, Guofang; Liu, Jing; Sun, Lidong; Hu, Xiaotang

doi:10.3390/nano9020168

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…[235] The absorption wavelength is also highly tunable by the thickness of SiO 2 and BP. [233,236] A theoretical calculation reveals that ultra-broadband anisotropic absorption can be achieved in patterned (BP/dielectric) n multilayers. [237] These structures hold promise in applications in optical absorbers, reflective polarizers, and beam splitters with high polarization and wide bandwidth.…”

Section: Optical Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Anisotropic 2D Materials: Controlled Growth, Optical Anisotropy Modulation, and Photonic Applications

Liu

et al. 2021

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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Anisotropic 2D materials are promising building blocks for future photonic and optoelectronic devices due to their low structural symmetry and in-plane optical anisotropy. This review systematically summarizes the crystalline structure, growth dynamics, optical anisotropy and their modulation strategies, and the corresponding photonic applications for emerging anisotropic 2D materials. First, the physical properties and crystalline structures of typical anisotropic 2D materials are briefly introduced. After that, special attention is paid to the growth mechanism of low-symmetry lattices, where the competition between different growth modes determines the crystal morphologies. Then, the physical principles of anisotropic optical absorption, photoluminescence, Raman scattering, photodetection, and nonlinear response are discussed based on recent scientific advances. The discussion on the techniques to modify the intrinsic in-plane anisotropy, along with the possibility of introducing optical anisotropy to the isotropic materials, add a new degree of freedom to the control over their optical properties. The review of application prospects also helps bridge the gap between the scientific exploration of novel anisotropic materials and the development of polarization-sensitive photonic devices. The discussions in this review will push forward the scientific frontier in the crystalline growth and anisotropy control of anisotropic 2D materials.

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Section: Optical Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Anisotropic 2D Materials: Controlled Growth, Optical Anisotropy Modulation, and Photonic Applications

Liu

et al. 2021

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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“…This phenomena can be understood by treating the oxidized layer as a transparent layer, like SiO 2 , considering its refractive index around 1.57. [45,46] We first pay our attention to flake No. 2 in Figure 4a, which is a simple case that BP's thickness is within the first coherent interference range.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Directly Evaluating the Optical Anisotropy of Few‐Layered Black Phosphorus during Ambient Oxidization

Shen

Sun

Huo

et al. 2022

Advanced Optical Materials

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air causing property degradation, which severely hinders the approaching of pristine properties and the development of BP in practical applications. The degradation of 2D BP in the air was recognized in a very early stage, and a large amount of effort has been devoted to understand the fundamental mechanism of its oxidization in both theoretical and experimental perspectives. [7][8][9][10] Though the complete understanding of the oxidization mechanism under complicated ambient condition is still ongoing, some significant progresses have been made in the past few years. [11] Oxygen, water and light have been determined to be the active species that induce BP oxidization in the air according to numerous studies. [11,12] As confirmed by both theoretical calculations and experiments, a general process of BP oxidization is believed to start from the reactions of oxygen with long pair of surface P atoms while overcoming a certain amount of energy barrier that is dependent on the occupied positions in the phosphorene lattices by chemisorbed or interstitial oxygen atoms. [13,14] The BP could support several oxidization states of P x O y , but some of the oxidization species are metastable, and P 2 O 5 is reported to be the most stable form in the air. [13] Thus light illumination is essential to provide external energy to stimulate the chemical reaction between BP and oxygen, which is in agreement with the experimental observation of lower oxidization rate while storing BP in dark environment. [15] With water involved, the oxidization process becomes much more complex, and the precise roles of water, oxygen, and light are still unclear and in active debate with different mechanisms, such as the oxidization behaviors that took place in water solvent and moisture atmosphere result in different degradation products. [16][17][18][19][20] One of the oxidization mechanisms is reported that the water molecular (humidity) exhibits catalyzed function that first lowers the reaction energy between BP and oxygen, [12] and then reacts with phosphorus oxides forming phosphorus acid, which accelerates the oxidization and etching speed. [11,12,21] An alternative mechanism was proposed by Hu et al., who revealed the BP oxidization occurred even in the dark environment with the coexistence of water and oxygen, which was attributed to the polarization effect of water that lowers the energy level of oxygen, resulting in acceleration of electron transfer from BP to oxygen that triggers BP oxidization. [12] Besides, Zhang et al. found that the hydroxide ion (OH − ) generated from the dissociation reaction of H 2 O Few-layered black phosphorus (BP) is known to be oxidized easily in the air which causes property degradation. However, the optical anisotropy of oxidized BP is yet to be well determined. Here, the optical anisotropy of the oxidized BP is revealed by continuous measurement of ambient exposed BP flake over a month using azimuth-dependent reflectance difference microscopy. The isotropic oxidization process is elucidated by both the di...

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“…In general, the in-plane direction and out-of-plane direction absorption capabilities of 2D materials are different due to their natural optical anisotropy. − , Based on the optical anisotropy of 2D materials, a variety of polarizers have been developed recently. − For example, in 2017, Lin et al experimentally demonstrated a broadband and high extinction-ratio graphene-based waveguide polarizer Figure a,b shows a schematic and a cross-sectional view SEM image, respectively, of the graphene-based waveguide polarizer.…”

Section: Metaphotonic Devices Based On 2d Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering van der Waals Materials for Advanced Metaphotonics

Lin

Zhang

et al. 2022

Chem. Rev.

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The outstanding chemical and physical properties of 2D materials, together with their atomically thin nature, make them ideal candidates for metaphotonic device integration and construction, which requires deep subwavelength light–matter interaction to achieve optical functionalities beyond conventional optical phenomena observed in naturally available materials. In addition to their intrinsic properties, the possibility to further manipulate the properties of 2D materials via chemical or physical engineering dramatically enhances their capability, evoking new science on light–matter interaction, leading to leaped performance of existing functional devices and giving birth to new metaphotonic devices that were unattainable previously. Comprehensive understanding of the intrinsic properties of 2D materials, approaches and capabilities for chemical and physical engineering methods, the resulting property modifications and novel functionalities, and applications of metaphotonic devices are provided in this review. Through reviewing the detailed progress in each aspect and the state-of-the-art achievement, insightful analyses of the outstanding challenges and future directions are elucidated in this cross-disciplinary comprehensive review with the aim to provide an overall development picture in the field of 2D material metaphotonics and promote rapid progress in this fast emerging and prosperous field.

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Black Phosphorus Nano-Polarizer with High Extinction Ratio in Visible and Near-Infrared Regime

Cited by 13 publications

References 41 publications

Review of Anisotropic 2D Materials: Controlled Growth, Optical Anisotropy Modulation, and Photonic Applications

Review of Anisotropic 2D Materials: Controlled Growth, Optical Anisotropy Modulation, and Photonic Applications

Directly Evaluating the Optical Anisotropy of Few‐Layered Black Phosphorus during Ambient Oxidization

Engineering van der Waals Materials for Advanced Metaphotonics

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