Black phosphorus: Versatile two‐dimensional materials in cancer therapies

Abstract

Black phosphorus (BP) constitutes a new class of two‐dimensional materials with multiple biomedical functionalities and applications. Possessed with outstanding advantages of large surface area, intrinsic photoacoustic properties, excellent biocompatibility, and selective toxicity to tumor cells, BP is becoming an ideal candidate in multifunctional cancer theranostics including photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, drug delivery, and bioactive phosphotherapy. This minireview summarizes recent progress pertaining to theranostic applications of BP nanosheets and black phosphorus quantum dots and discusses the prospects in advanced theranostics.

Black phosphorus-based nanohybrids for energy storage, catalysis, sensors, electronic/photonic devices, and tribological applications

“…More importantly, embedding nanocarbons like 1D-nanotubes or 2D-graphene may give rise to hierarchical mesoporous structures, 65 thus providing more electro-active surfaces and interfaces for various applications such as alkali or alkaline earth batteries, supercapacitors and photocatalysis. [66][67][68] Carbon nanostructures are often used for hierarchical structures, in which BP skins are used as conductive networks for phosphorus to improve its electrochemical performances and prevent the deconstruction of phosphorus structure. In addition, self-assembling or preparing carbon-based materials into the BP system would be beneficial to increase the hydrophilicity of the surface chemistry and achieve a better interaction among those components in practice.…”

Inorganic Nanomaterials with Intrinsic Singlet Oxygen Generation for Photodynamic Therapy

“…[ 133 ] Meanwhile, biocompatible and biodegradable NPSs (e.g., black phosphorus NSs, hybrid‐based NPSs) capable of reducing side toxicity in vivo are greatly needed. [ 134 ] A recent report from Wang's group demonstrated a combination of nanomaterials both as exciting moiety and as NPS. Plasmonic Au NRs were used as a primary exciting moiety to activate the attached carbon dots‐based NPSs due to the near field enhancement effect, showing high 1 O 2 generation under NIR light as reported from GQDs alone.…”

Chirality-Dependent Tumor Phototherapy Using Amino Acid-Engineered Chiral Phosphorene

“…Phosphorene, also known as black phosphorus nanosheet (BPNS), is a promising phototherapeutic nanoagent. It has recently received widespread attention in antitumor research and other biomedical uses due to its encouraging biodegradability and remarkable photosensitization and plasmonic dissipation effects in PDT and PTT. − Chen et al proposed a BPNS-based antitumor nanoplatform for synergistic PTT/PDT/chemotherapy . Their proposed drug delivery system displayed a highly promising drug-loading capacity and phototherapeutic effect due to the puckered lattice planar configuration of ultrathin nanosheets and photoresponsive properties of BPNS, thereby providing a way for multimodal therapy.…”