Black Start Restoration of Islanded Droop-Controlled Microgrids

Bassey, Ogbonnaya; Butler‐Purry, Karen L.

doi:10.3390/en13225996

Cited by 10 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…We assume that the optimal control of the droop settings for the inverters are periodically reset to follow this reference power operating conditions and by so doing nullify the effect of droop coefficients at reference operation. Nevertheless, the droop coefficients still determine the frequency, power, and voltage characteristics, as well as power sharing ratio, of the inverter given any slight deviation from this reference point which will certainly occur as demonstrated with time-domain simulation in [20].…”

Section: Droop Reference Operationmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…We demonstrated how to incorporate novel linear power flow constraints into the restoration model of islanded droop-controlled microgrids without slack bus assumption in our previous work [20,22]. A more detailed derivation and validation of the linear power flow formulations for islanded droop-controlled microgrid and its optimal power flow extensions have been presented in our previous work [23].…”

Section: Power Flow Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Propose a systematic formulation for the black start of islanded droop-controlled multi-master microgrids considering incentive-based demand response and nondispatchable DGs. Apart from our earlier work in [20], no other paper has developed a systematic model for the black start restoration of islanded droop-controlled multimaster microgrids to the best of our knowledge.…”

Section: Contribution and Organizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To specify the linear power flow constraints for the microgrid to be restored, ( 16) and (17) have to be defined as constraints for every node and every step of the restoration. The right-hand sides, which are the current injection terms, present some additional linearization tasks for various injection elements and these have been covered in detail in the authors' previous work [20,22,23].…”

Section: Power Flow Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Islanded Microgrid Restoration Studies with Graph-Based Analysis

Bassey

Butler‐Purry

2022

Energies

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The need to restore and keep the grid running or fast restoration during emergencies such as extreme weather conditions is quite apparent given the reliance of other infrastructure on electricity. One promising approach to electricity restoration is the use of locally available energy resources to restore the system to form isolated microgrids. In this paper, we present a black start restoration method that forms islanded microgrids after a blackout. The master DGs in the formed microgrids are coordinated to work together through droop control. Several constraints, including incentive-based demand response (DR) with direct load control (DLC) and distributed generator (DG) operation constraints, were formulated and linearized to realize a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) restoration model. To improve compactness and to ensure that the model is neither under-sized nor over-sized, a pre-processing graph analysis approach was introduced which helps to characterize the least number of restoration steps needed to optimally restore the microgrid. Studies were performed on a modified IEEE 123 node test feeder to evaluate the effects of demand response, non-dispatchable DGs, and choice of restoration steps on the quality of the restoration solution. When possible, the proposed method yields an interconnected multi-master microgrid with improved redundancy.

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Section: Droop Reference Operationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Power Flow Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Contribution and Organizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Power Flow Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Islanded Microgrid Restoration Studies with Graph-Based Analysis

Bassey

Butler‐Purry

2022

Energies

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“…In grid-connected operation mode, the main task for DGs is to deliver maximum power to power grid and the most commonly used control algorithm of DG inverter is constant power control [10]. In islanded operation mode, the voltage and frequency regulation tasks are taken by the DG inverters and the droop control algorithm is adopted for DG inverter often [11,12]. However, the traditional droop control algorithm cannot restore frequency and voltage to the rated values as voltage and frequency deviation is necessary for the communication-free decentralized control, which is an important characteristic of droop control strategy.…”

Section: Of 19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Consensus-Based Distributed Secondary Frequency Control Method for AC Microgrid Using ADRC Technique

Zhang

Deng

2022

Energies

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To ensure safe and reliable operation, the ability to ride through various disturbances is vital for a microgrid with multi-inverters. As the voltage and frequency support comes from the power-electronic-based inverters, it is necessary to find a proper control strategy to improve the rejection ability of the DG inverter against disturbances. In this regard, this paper proposes a new distributed secondary frequency control approach for islanded microgrids, in which the main purpose is to remove the frequency deviation under droop control method with better disturbance rejection performance. Unlike many traditional approaches which rely on a detailed control model, the proposed one needs little model information thanks to the model-independent characteristic of active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) technique. A linear extended state observer is introduced to estimate the useless model dynamics (including unknown disturbances, unmodeled dynamics and nonlinear dynamics) which are then compensated in the control input. After the active compensation procedure, the nonlinear frequency control model can be converted into a quasi-linear model, based on which a proportional distributed control algorithm is established to restore the frequency and equalize the active power among the DGs. Simulation results based on a four-inverter-based microgrid show that the proposed approach achieves frequency restoration, active power sharing, as well as satisfactory disturbance rejection performance.

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Microgrids and Resilience: A Review

Hamidieh

Ghassemi

2022

IEEE Access

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Supervised learning methods have been found to exhibit inductive biases favoring simpler features. When such features are spuriously correlated with the label, this can result in suboptimal performance on minority subgroups. Despite the growing popularity of methods which learn from unlabeled data, the extent to which these representations encode spurious features is unclear. In this work, we explore the impact of spurious features on Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) for visual representation learning. We first empirically show that commonly used augmentations in SSL can cause undesired invariances in the image space, and illustrate this with a simple example. We further show that classical approaches in combating spurious correlations, such as dataset re-sampling during SSL, do not consistently lead to invariant representations. Motivated by these findings, we propose LATETVG to remove spurious information from these representations during pretraining, by regularizing later layers of the encoder via pruning. We find that our method produces representations which outperform the baselines on several benchmarks, without the need for group or label information during SSL.

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Black Start Restoration of Islanded Droop-Controlled Microgrids

Cited by 10 publications

References 37 publications

Islanded Microgrid Restoration Studies with Graph-Based Analysis

Islanded Microgrid Restoration Studies with Graph-Based Analysis

Consensus-Based Distributed Secondary Frequency Control Method for AC Microgrid Using ADRC Technique

Microgrids and Resilience: A Review

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