Bladder stone in children: literature review

Abstract

Bladder stones affecting children, especially in low-resource countries. Dietary, environmental, genetic inheritance, and socio-economic factors affecting the composition of bladder stones. Even though the etiology of bladder stones is unknown, recent research has identified many risk factors that may assist this pathological condition. Even though cystolithotripsy has now become the standard of care, many other approaches are indicated in specific conditions. Surgeons should diagnose and investigate the etiology of the diseases properly, thus a surgical approach is only used when it is needed. Therefore, this study aims to review bladder stones in children based on current literature to refer to other researchers and clinicians.

Giant Bladder stone and rectal prolapse complication in pediatric patient: Case report and literature review

“…Bladder stones can occur in children, especially in low-income countries. Several related factors also affect the composition of stones, such as diet, environment, heredity, and socio-economic factors ( 9 ). Bladder stones The percentage of bladder stones in urinary tract stone cases in children is around 70–85 %, and boys are more commonly affected than girls because they have a longer urethra ( 10 ).…”

“…Whereas in seconder, the formation of stones will be found to have a definite etiology. Primary bladder stones are not uncommon in children, but determining the exact etiology is difficult ( 9 ). The composition of bladder stones varies and changes across decades ( 12 ).…”

“…The composition of bladder stones varies and changes across decades ( 12 ). In general, bladder stones are composed of uric acid and calcium oxalate, but there are wide differences in composition in other regions due to factors such as diet, heredity, climate, and different socio-economic factors ( 9 ). According to Dahrill, 2021, of all patients with bladder stones, the percentage of ammonium acid urate (AAU) ranks first at about 74.37 %.…”

“…According to Dahrill, 2021, of all patients with bladder stones, the percentage of ammonium acid urate (AAU) ranks first at about 74.37 %. followed by calcium oxalate (CaOx) at 39.5 %, and then gradually Uric acid (UA) at 11.46 %, calcium phosphate apatite (CaP) at 9.25 %, struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) at 4.34 %, cystine at 1.16 %, and xanthine at 3.85 % ( 9 ). In our case, we found that the stone is composed of 57 % uric acid stone and 33 % calcium oxalate stone.…”