Blast-Furnace Stoichiometry

Peacey, J.G.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-023218-8.50010-8

Cited by 29 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…This requires a substantial amount of quench gas to be forced through a porous wall and, thus, the adverse energy consumption associated with the required pressure drop to overcome friction. The undue energy consumption is exacerbated by the exothermicity of Reactions [2] and [3]. Accordingly, fluidwall configurations are not tenable and a more direct methodology is required.…”

Section: Process Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, and for g = 10 -3 Ns/m 2 and q L = 1000 kg/m 3 , where c = constant D = vessel diameter d = stirrer diameter d p = particle diameter Fr = dimensionless Froude Number g = acceleration due to gravity h = height of stirrer above the bottom n = number of stirrer revolutions per second g = liquid viscosity q L = liquid density Dq = density difference between liquid and solid p, q, r, s, and t = constants…”

Section: ½14mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Modern iron blast furnaces operate at top pressures as high as 3.2 atmospheres absolute (3.24 bar). [3] On the other hand, avoidance of excessively high temperatures is thermodynamically favored by lower pressures. Accordingly, after assessment of a range of operating pressures, 2.8 bar was selected as a compromise between the evolution of volatile species and the upper temperature limitations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conceptual Design for Lower-Energy Primary Aluminum

Warner

2008

Metall Mater Trans B

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Operating parameters have been identified such that slag melts typical of other carbothermic aluminum processes are thermodynamically unstable. This facilitates the direct reaction of carbon in carbon-saturated aluminum with alumina under dispersed-contact high-intensity conditions. A conceptual design for one million tonnes per annum (1 Mtpa) aluminum production from Bayer alumina is developed. Freestanding graphite reactors and an ancillary plant encapsulated by inert gas are totally unconstrained within refractory-lined shells. Electrical conductive heating and melt circulation in closed loops, employing a 10 vol pct dispersion of fine carbon particles in aluminum (slurry), transports sensible heat to a single pressurized metalproducing reactor (MPR) to satisfy the endothermicity. In the proposed plant, an MPR at 0.28 MPa (2.8 bar) and 2433 K (2160°C) with a hearth 2-m-wide · 190-m-long leads the melt via a barometric leg back to essentially atmospheric pressure, for further in-line processing. The impeller-stirred assimilation of fine carbon particles is followed by multistage gas-lift pumping to provide a 5.4-m total head, as required by two parallel straight-line melt-conductive heaters 1 m in diameter · 226 m in length. Overall energy-consumption figures 28.7 pct lower than today's more recently installed Hall-Heroult electrolytic plants are predicted, with 51.3 pct less purchased electricity, supplemented with 1.10 times the stoichiometric elemental carbon.

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Section: Process Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ½14mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conceptual Design for Lower-Energy Primary Aluminum

Warner

2008

Metall Mater Trans B

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“…Substituting all required values 14,15) to Eq. (10) and presuming that BFG and air are initially preheated at 500 K by using the exhaust hot stove gas, the required volume (Y) as a function of Tp was calculated and the result is shown in Fig.…”

Section: The Effect Of Preheating On the Temperature Distribution In mentioning

confidence: 99%

“….................. (9) Substituting in the required values of the physical and thermodynamic properties, 14,15) Eq. (9) easily yields the adiabatic flame temperature, Tad.…”

Section: Thermodynamic Evaluation Of the Preheatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Preheated Top Gas and Air on Blast Furnace Top Gas Combustion

Moon¹,

Kim²,

Sasaki³

2014

ISIJ Int.

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The coke consumption in blast furnaces (BF), directly related to the energy consumption and CO2 emission from BF, is reduced with the increase of hot blast temperature. To establish the flame temperature of more than the blast furnace gas (BFG) adiabatic flame temperature of 1 587 K by using only BFG without any additional high calorific value gases such as coke oven gas, the effect of preheating of BFG and/ or air on the BFG combustion temperature was investigated based on thermodynamic heat balance and the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. Thermodynamic evaluation and CFD simulated results showed that air preheating was not effective to raise the BFG combustion temperature compared with BFG preheating or simultaneous preheating of air and BFG at the same preheating temperature. The less efficiency of air preheating was explained based on the small heat content of preheated air. The blast temperature of 1 700 K was obtained without adding high calorific value gases by preheating only BFG to 873 K or simultaneous preheating both BFG and air to 700 K. Compared with air or simultaneous preheating of air and BFG, BFG preheating will be a suitable approach to increase BFG combustion temperature. This is not only because the supply of heat content to the combustion zone, but also the enhanced mixing introduced by the large inlet gas velocity difference between air and BFG promotes rapid CO burn-up.KEY WORDS: hot stove; adiabatic flame temperature; blast furnace top gas; hot blast; preheating.

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Dynamic stationary subspace analysis based on Gaussian mixture models for ironmaking process monitoring

Zhang,

Fan,

Guo

et al. 2023

Can J Chem Eng

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Blast furnace ironmaking process monitoring is an important and challenging task. Due to the influence of hot blast stove switching and large fluctuations in the quality of raw materials, the measurements of ironmaking processes show obvious non‐stationary characteristics, and in addition, the observed data are also characterized by time‐series dynamic and non‐Gaussian characteristics. In this paper, a dynamic stationary subspace analysis method based on the Gaussian mixture model (DSSA–GMM) is proposed to address the difficulties in blast furnace ironmaking process monitoring. The time‐series dynamic relationship of the data is conducted by introducing a sliding time window. The Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is used to deal with the non‐Gaussian characteristics of the data, and the parameters of the GMMs are estimated using the expectation–maximization algorithm. The stationary projection matrix is obtained by optimizing the Kullback–Leibler (K–L) divergence between GMMs of different periods to realize the stationary subspace separation. Finally, the convex hull of the stationary subspace is established for fault detection, thus realizing the monitoring for non‐stationary and non‐Gaussian dynamic processes. The effectiveness of the DSSA–GMM method is verified by a numerical simulation and a dataset collected from an actual blast furnace ironmaking process.

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Blast-Furnace Stoichiometry

Cited by 29 publications

References 1 publication

Conceptual Design for Lower-Energy Primary Aluminum

Conceptual Design for Lower-Energy Primary Aluminum

Effect of Preheated Top Gas and Air on Blast Furnace Top Gas Combustion

Dynamic stationary subspace analysis based on Gaussian mixture models for ironmaking process monitoring

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