Bleomycin-induced-flagellate dermatitis: Figure 1:

Abstract

A 48-year-old white man presented with a 4-week history of itchy lesions on the skin of his upper back and shoulders. The patient's medical history included ulcerative colitis and a seizure disorder. In addition, Hodgkin's lymphoma had been diagnosed three months earlier, for which the patient was receiving doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine chemotherapy. The lesions appeared during the patient's fourth cycle of chemotherapy, after having received 64 units of bleomycin in total.On examination, the patient had crisscrossing flagellate hyperpigmentation over his shoulders and neck ( Figure 1A), and a red, raised lesion was developing on the back of his right wrist ( Figure 1B). The patient reported linear reddish marks, similar to the one on his wrist, having pre ceded some of the hyperpigmented streaks. Histopathology of both lesions showed superficial perivascular dermatitis with eosinophils and minimal changes at the vacuolar interface, likely representing the same disease process, with features suggesting a drug-induced reaction.Bleomycin is a glycopeptide antineoplastic antibiotic agent used in chemotherapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma and testicular cancer. The drug is metabolized by bleomycin hydrolase, but it has been shown to have adverse effects in tissues with relatively low levels of this enzyme, such as the lungs and skin. Minor trauma to the skin, such as pressure over bony prominences and scratching, is thought to increase blood flow and cause local accumulation of bleomycin.3 Flagellate dermatitis and subsequent hyperpigmentation in the skin is fairly common among patients receiving bleo mycin, with reported incidence between 8% and 22%.3 Flagellate dermatitis is not typically associated with the other medications our patient was receiving.Various topical and systemic therapies have been tried, but treatment mostly involves management of symptoms to limit trauma to the skin. The lesions typically resolve within six months after the withdrawal of bleomycin.4 After treatment with fluocinonide ointment and withdrawal of bleomycin, signs of active inflammation resolved, and our patient's hyperpigmentation was lightened at a follow-up appointment five weeks later. Clinical images Bleomycin-induced flagellate dermatitisDiana Yu Diao BSc, John Goodall MD

Bleomycin – induced flagellate dermatitis: two cases report

“…Stopping and avoiding obleomycin can lead to eventual clearance of the lesions over months to years. However, re-exposure to bleomycin may produce a new reaction [7].…”

Dermatite Flagelada Induzida Por Bleomicina: Relato De Caso

“…O metabolismo da bleomicina é realizado pela enzima hidrolase que apresenta baixos níveis nos tecidos pulmonares e na pele, levando a inferência de ser esta, a razão desses tecidos serem acometidos das reações adversas como é o caso da DF (8) . Outra possível causa dessa toxicidade sobre a pele pode ser pequenos traumas como escoriações ou pressão sobre áreas de proeminências ósseas, ou mesmo o prurido, que podem provocar aumento do fluxo sanguíneo resultando numa maior concentração de bleomicina nessas áreas, processo desencadeador das lesões (9) .…”

Bleomycin-induced flagellate dermatitis

“…Another pathological mechanism proposed to explain these lesions suggests that even minor trauma to the skin, for example a scratch or pressure against bone prominences, may cause increased blood flow to these areas allowing the drug to accumulate. 5 …”