1 In this study, the underlying mechanism of stimulation of respiratory burst by kazinol B, a natural isoprenylated¯avan, in rat neutrophils in vitro was investigated. 2 Kazinol B concentration-dependently stimulated the superoxide anion (O 2 ⋅7 ) generation, with a lag but transient activation pro®le, in neutrophils but not in a cell-free system. The maximum response (13.2+1.4 nmol O 2 ⋅7 10 min 71 per 10 6 cells) was observed at 10 mM kazinol B.3 Pretreatment of neutrophils with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or formylmethionyl-leucylphenylalanine (fMLP) signi®cantly enhanced the O 2 ⋅7 generation following the subsequent stimulation of cells with kazinol B. 4 Cells pretreated with EGTA or a protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine e ectively attenuated the kazinol B-induced O 2 ⋅7 generation. However, a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB203580 and a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin had no e ect on the kazinol Binduced response. 5 Kazinol B signi®cantly stimulated [Ca 2+ ] i elevation in neutrophils, with a lag and slow rate of rise activation pro®le, and this response was attenuated by a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U73122. Kazinol B also stimulated the inositol bis-and trisphosphate (IP 2 and IP 3 ) formation with a 1 min lag time. 6 The membrane-associated PKC-a and PKC-y but not PKC-i were increased following the stimulation of neutrophils with kazinol B. It was more rapid and sensitive in the activation of PKC-y than PKC-a by kazinol B. Kazinol B partially inhibited the [ 3 H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate ([ 3 H]PDB) binding to the neutrophil cytosolic PKC. 7 Neither the cellular mass of phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylethanol (PEt), in the presence of ethanol, nor the protein tyrosine phosphorylation were stimulated by kazinol B. In addition, the kazinol B-induced O 2 ⋅7 generation remained relatively unchanged in cells pretreated with ethanol or a tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. 8 Collectively, these results indicate that the stimulation of the respiratory burst by kazinol B is probably mediated by the synergism of PKC activation and [Ca 2+ ] i elevation in rat neutrophils.