Blockchain Based Anonymous Voting System Using zkSNARKs

Murtaza, Malik Hamza; Alizai, Zahoor Ahmed; Iqbal, Zubair

doi:10.1109/icaem.2019.8853836

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…3) in steps (8-10), (11)(12)(13), and (15), receptively; and the correctness of V B (as in Eq. 2) in steps (16)(17)(18).…”

Section: Zk-snark Arithmetic Circuitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accordingly, Tallying circuit checks that each pair (V x i , V y i ) is a point on the elliptic curve in step (6). Then, it checks the correctness of i V i in step (7); the x-coordinate sign (S i ) of V i in step (9); the compression of every κ sign-bits into an integer D j in step (12); the incrementally exhaustive search in steps (17)(18)(19); and finally the tallying result (res) s.t.…”

Section: Zk-snark Arithmetic Circuitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, most of them rely heavily on a trusted central authority, which might lead to violating the voters' privacy. With the emerging of blockchain technology as a decentralized append-only ledger, many researchers have proposed several blockchain-based evoting protocols (e.g.,, see [13,14,15,17,18,21]). Unfortunately, widely deployed blockchains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum suffer from scalability issues.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dispute-free Scalable Open Vote Network using zk-SNARKs

ElSheikh¹,

Youssef²

2022

Preprint

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The Open Vote Network is a self-tallying decentralized evoting protocol suitable for boardroom elections. Currently, it has two Ethereum-based implementations: the first, by McCorry et al., has a scalability issue since all the computations are performed on-chain. The second implementation, by Seifelnasr et al., solves this issue partially by assigning a part of the heavy computations to an off-chain untrusted administrator in a verifiable manner. As a side effect, this second implementation became not dispute-free; there is a need for a tally dispute phase where an observer interrupts the protocol when the administrator cheats, i.e., announces a wrong tally result. In this work, we propose a new smart contract design to tackle the problems in the previous implementations by (i) preforming all the heavy computations off-chain hence achieving higher scalability, and (ii) utilizing zero-knowledge Succinct Non-interactive Argument of Knowledge (zk-SNARK) to verify the correctness of the off-chain computations, hence maintaining the disputefree property. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our design, we develop prototype implementations on Ethereum and conduct multiple experiments for different implementation options that show a trade-off between the zk-SNARK proof generation time and the smart contract gas cost, including an implementation in which the smart contract consumes a constant amount of gas independent of the number of voters.

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“…3) in steps (8-10), (11)(12)(13), and (15), receptively; and the correctness of V B (as in Eq. 2) in steps (16)(17)(18).…”

Section: Zk-snark Arithmetic Circuitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Zk-snark Arithmetic Circuitmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dispute-free Scalable Open Vote Network using zk-SNARKs

ElSheikh¹,

Youssef²

2022

Preprint

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“…For example, some authors used the term privacy [43] while others used anonymity [45] or secrecy [46]. Similarly, authors used the term usability [47] as a synonym for ease of use [8], accuracy [48], and correctness [49] for integrity [50], credibility [51] and trustworthiness [52] for reliability [53]. Also, the definitions of auditability [50] with traceability [54] coincide as well as of instant information [48] with real-time information [55].…”

Section: Requirements Of Blockchain-based G2c E-government Servicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Do We Really Need? A Systematic Literature Review of the Requirements for Blockchain-Based E-government Services

Amend

Kaiser

Uhlig

et al. 2021

Lecture Notes in Information Systems and Organisation

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Information Systems research acknowledges the importance of identifying requirements to ensure the artifact's relevance. However, many research articles addressing blockchain technology for e-government capture the requirements that need to be fulfilled only implicitly by defining system objectives or evaluation criteria. Furthermore, focusing on specific use-cases encompasses the risk of overlooking those requirements, which are not as obvious but equally important. This procedure causes uncertainty regarding the requirements a blockchain-based e-government service needs to fulfill. Therefore, we conducted a systematic literature review on blockchain-based government-to-citizen (G2C) e-government services. On this basis, we categorized the requirements as we find that they address either the data of the system, the user, or the system itself. Our categorization provides a structured overview supporting researchers in conducting research on blockchain technology in the public sector and giving practitioners input to develop, test, and evaluate new blockchain-based G2C e-government services.

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“…There are also other encryption-based solutions such as additively-homomorphic encryption [53,77], ring signature [38,57,119], blind signature [38,92], non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs [84,89], multi-level multi-secret sharing [95] and elliptic curve cryptography [96] to attain privacy and receipt-freeness [78]. Liu and Wang present a blockchain voting scheme without trusted third parties.…”

Section: Bartolucci Et Al Added a Circle Shuffle Technique However Th...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of Challenges and Opportunities of Blockchain for E-Voting

2020

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A blockchain is a distributed, digitized and consensus-based secure information storage mechanism. The present article provides an overview of blockchain based e-voting systems. The primary purpose of this review is to study the up-to-date state of blockchain-based voting research along with associated possible challenges while aiming to forecast future directions. The methodology applied in the review is a systematic review approach. Following an introduction to the basic structure and features of the blockchain in relation to e-voting, we provide a conceptual description of the desired blockchain-based e-voting application. Symmetrical and asymmetrical cryptography improvements play a key role in developing blockchain systems. We have extracted and reviewed 63 research papers from scientific databases that have advised the adoption of the blockchain framework to voting systems. These articles indicate that blockchain-supported voting systems may provide different solutions than traditional e-voting. We classified the main prevailing issues into the five following categories: general, integrity, coin-based, privacy and consensus. As a result of this research, it was determined that blockchain systems can provide solutions to certain problems that prevail in current election systems. On the other hand, privacy protection and transaction speed are most frequently emphasized problems in blockchain applications. Security of remote participation and scalability should be improved for sustainable blockchain based e-voting. It was concluded that frameworks needed enhancements in order to be used in voting systems due to these reservations.

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Blockchain Based Anonymous Voting System Using zkSNARKs

Cited by 18 publications

References 14 publications

Dispute-free Scalable Open Vote Network using zk-SNARKs

Dispute-free Scalable Open Vote Network using zk-SNARKs

What Do We Really Need? A Systematic Literature Review of the Requirements for Blockchain-Based E-government Services

A Systematic Review of Challenges and Opportunities of Blockchain for E-Voting

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