Blood brain barrier: A review of its anatomy and physiology in health and disease

Sharif, Yousra; Jumah, Fareed; Coplan, Louis; Krosser, Alec; Sharif, Κassem; Tubbs, R. Shane

doi:10.1002/ca.23083

Cited by 104 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 149 publications

(175 reference statements)

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“…While water-soluble molecules (e.g., ions) cross the BBB through ion channels. On the other hand, macromolecules (proteins and peptides) transport rely on endocytic vesicles, which involve either receptor-mediated transport (RMT) or adsorptive-mediated transport (AMT) [14,15]. (c) Several transport proteins (carriers) are present in the endothelium for glucose (Gluc-1), amino acids, nucleosides, and other substances.…”

Section: Bbb Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibodies for the Treatment of Brain Metastases, a Dream or a Reality?

et al. 2020

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The incidence of brain metastases (BM) in cancer patients is increasing. After diagnosis, overall survival (OS) is poor, elicited by the lack of an effective treatment. Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapy has achieved remarkable success in treating both hematologic and non-central-nervous system (CNS) tumors due to their inherent targeting specificity. However, the use of mAbs in the treatment of CNS tumors is restricted by the blood–brain barrier (BBB) that hinders the delivery of either small-molecules drugs (sMDs) or therapeutic proteins (TPs). To overcome this limitation, active research is focused on the development of strategies to deliver TPs and increase their concentration in the brain. Yet, their molecular weight and hydrophilic nature turn this task into a challenge. The use of BBB peptide shuttles is an elegant strategy. They explore either receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) or adsorptive-mediated transcytosis (AMT) to cross the BBB. The latter is preferable since it avoids enzymatic degradation, receptor saturation, and competition with natural receptor substrates, which reduces adverse events. Therefore, the combination of mAbs properties (e.g., selectivity and long half-life) with BBB peptide shuttles (e.g., BBB translocation and delivery into the brain) turns the therapeutic conjugate in a valid approach to safely overcome the BBB and efficiently eliminate metastatic brain cells.

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Section: Bbb Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibodies for the Treatment of Brain Metastases, a Dream or a Reality?

et al. 2020

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“…However, the BBB is a barrier to the successful delivery of drugs to the CNS since only a small number of molecules can cross the BBB [47]. Almost all (>98%) small molecules can cross the BBB, whereas high molecular weight drugs such as proteins, peptides, monoclonal antibodies, and genes are not able to penetrate through the BBB and access the CNS [48][49][50]. Hence, novel technologies and delivery systems are needed to overcome this barrier and release the drugs into the brain matrix.…”

Section: Nano-scale Drug Delivery To the Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional Polymeric Nanoplatforms for Brain Diseases Diagnosis, Therapy and Theranostics

et al. 2020

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The blood–brain barrier (BBB) acts as a barrier to prevent the central nervous system (CNS) from damage by substances that originate from the blood circulation. The BBB limits drug penetration into the brain and is one of the major clinical obstacles to the treatment of CNS diseases. Nanotechnology-based delivery systems have been tested for overcoming this barrier and releasing related drugs into the brain matrix. In this review, nanoparticles (NPs) from simple to developed delivery systems are discussed for the delivery of a drug to the brain. This review particularly focuses on polymeric nanomaterials that have been used for CNS treatment. Polymeric NPs such as polylactide (PLA), poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL), poly (alkyl cyanoacrylate) (PACA), human serum albumin (HSA), gelatin, and chitosan are discussed in detail.

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“…The latter is a peculiar anatomic and functional structure aimed at regulating the traffic of molecules and cells into and outside of the CNS. Its functions rely on the synergic activity of a wide range of partners including endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes . The widespread presence of tight junctions allows the passage of very small molecules only (less than a few nanometres) and this could explain the overall poor sensitivity observed by blood sampling when looking for components derived from CNS neoplasms .…”

Section: The Role Of Blood Brain Barriermentioning

confidence: 99%

Review: Peering through a keyhole: liquid biopsy in primary and metastatic central nervous system tumours

Bertero

Siravegna

Rudà

et al. 2019

Neuropathology Appl Neurobio

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2019) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 45, 655-670 Peering through a keyhole: liquid biopsy in primary and metastatic central nervous system tumours Tumour molecular profiling by liquid biopsy is being investigated for a wide range of research and clinical purposes. The possibility of repeatedly interrogating the tumour profile using minimally invasive procedures is helping to understand spatial and temporal tumour heterogeneity, and to shed a light on mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies. Moreover, this approach has been already implemented in clinical practice to address specific decisions regarding patients' follow-up and therapeutic management. For central nervous system (CNS) tumours, molecular profiling is particularly relevant for the proper characterization of primary neoplasms, while CNS metastases can significantly diverge from primary disease or extra-CNS metastases, thus compelling a dedicated assessment. Based on these considerations, effective liquid biopsy tools for CNS tumours are highly warranted and a significant amount of data have been accrued over the last few years. These results have shown that liquid biopsy can provide clinically meaningful information about both primary and metastatic CNS tumours, but specific considerations must be taken into account, for example, when choosing the source of liquid biopsy. Nevertheless, this approach is especially attractive for CNS tumours, as repeated tumour sampling is not feasible. The aim of our review was to thoroughly report the state-of-the-art regarding the opportunities and challenges posed by liquid biopsy in both primary and secondary CNS tumours.

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Blood brain barrier: A review of its anatomy and physiology in health and disease

Cited by 104 publications

References 149 publications

Antibodies for the Treatment of Brain Metastases, a Dream or a Reality?

Antibodies for the Treatment of Brain Metastases, a Dream or a Reality?

Multifunctional Polymeric Nanoplatforms for Brain Diseases Diagnosis, Therapy and Theranostics

Review: Peering through a keyhole: liquid biopsy in primary and metastatic central nervous system tumours

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