Blood–brain barrier disruption induced by hemoglobin in vivo: Involvement of up-regulation of nitric oxide synthase and peroxynitrite formation

Cytokine-mediated dysregulation of zonula occludens-1 properties in human brain microvascular endothelium

“…Moreover, our data confirm for the first time that the cytokine-dependent activation of NADPH oxidase leading to ROS generation contributes in-part to these events. These findings are consistent with, and add mechanistic depth to, recent in vivo models in which ZO-1 dysregulation and BBB disruption are shown to accompany cytokine-associated neuroinflammatory injuries such as stroke (Huang et al, 2013;Zehendner et al, 2013), intracerebral haemorrhage (Ding et al, 2014), and cerebral infection (Zhou et al, Fig. 3.…”

Physical training improves non-spatial memory, locomotor skills and the blood brain barrier in diabetic rats

“…Since each element within the neurovascular unit is important to the integrity of the BBB and given that different brain circuitry and biochemical events are required in the NOR task (Francis et al, 2010;Intlekofer et al, 2013), other brain mechanisms, such as astrocytic alterations and increased Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), may have been induced by the physical exercise and thus compensated the breakdown of the BBB and contributed to cognitive performance (de Senna et al, 2011;Hamm et al, 2004;Intlekofer et al, 2013;Li et al, 2005;Saur et al, 2013;Stranahan et al, 2009). Furthermore, BBB disruption has been associated to functional deficit in the rotarod test (Ding et al, 2014), while an improvement in locomotor behavior was seen when BBB damage was attenuated (Amenta et al, 2012;Jang et al, 2014;Yu et al, 2012). Thus, we believe that the striatal levels of claudin-5 and other positive neurochemical effects promoted by exercise are related to the satisfactory locomotor behavior found in the TD animals…”

1-Oleyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes polarization of BV-2 and primary murine microglia towards an M1-like phenotype

“…It is important to note that DCF (used during the present study to detect alterations in cellular redox balance) is not a species-specific probe but is, in addition to H 2 O 2 , also oxidized by hypochlorous acid (generated via the myeloperoxidase/H 2 O 2 /chloride system), other peroxidases, and ONOO − [59]. ONOO − was shown to induce mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons [60] to damage oligodendrocytes [61] and to compromise blood-brain barrier function [62]. Although our results suggest that LPA stimulation leads to ROS and NO production and is potentially neurotoxic, Awada and colleagues [63] have shown that overexpression of ATX in BV-2 microglia protects cells against H 2 O 2 -induced cell damage and oxidative stress.…”