Blood cadmium concentrations in the general population of Umbria, Central Italy

DellʼOmo, Marco; Muzi, Giacomo; Piccinini, R.; Gambelunghe, Angela; Morucci, P; Fiordi, Tiziana; Ambrogi, Maura; Abbritti, Giuseppe

doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00373-8

Cited by 32 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The enhanced urinary Cd excretion most probably was a cause of the decrease in the blood concentration of the metal that was noted in these animals between the 12th and 24th week of the exposure. Attenuated reaction or even its total loss in rats exposed to 5 and 50 mg Cd/l for 24 weeks, respectively (·460; arrows proximal convoluted tubule, barbed arrows glomerule) Since Cd concentrations in the blood, kidney and urine of rats continuously intoxicated with Cd are comparable with levels reported by some authors in humans exposed environmentally or occupationally to Cd, including smokers (Koyama et al 1992;WHO 1992;Bem et al 1993;Chalkley et al 1998;Rydzewski et al 1998;dell'Omo et al 1999;Khassouani et al 2000), we think that our experimental model can reflect the situation of exposure to Cd that may take place in human life. The rats exposed to 50 mg Cd/l developed a stronger aversion to drinking than those that received 5 mg Cd/l because water containing the higher Cd concentration had a bad taste.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Changes in the structure and function of the kidney of rats chronically exposed to cadmium. I. Biochemical and histopathological studies

et al. 2003

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The aim of this study was to assess the effects of chronic exposure to cadmium (Cd) on the structure and function of kidneys, as well as to establish the body burden of Cd at which the changes occur. For this purpose we have created an experimental model using rats intoxicated with Cd administered in drinking water at the concentration of 5 or 50 mg Cd/l for 6, 12 and 24 weeks. The degree of kidney damage was evaluated biochemically and histopathologically. Sensitive biomarkers of Cd-induced proximal tubular injury such as urinary total N-acetyl-beta- d-glucosaminidase (NAG-T) and its isoenzyme B (NAG-B), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were used. Cd content in the kidney increased with the level and duration of exposure leading to dose- and time-dependent structural and functional renal failure. In rats exposed to 5 mg Cd/l, first symptoms of injury of the main tubules of long and short nephrons (structural damage to epithelial cells, increased urinary activities of NAG-T and NAG-B) were noted after 12 weeks of the experiment. The damage occurred at a low kidney Cd concentration amounting to 4.08+/-0.33 micro g/g wet weight (mean +/-SE) and a urinary concentration of 4.31+/-0.28 micro g/g creatinine. On exposure to 50 mg Cd/l, damage to the main tubules (blurred structure of tubular epithelium, atrophy of brush border, partial fragmentation of cells with release of nuclei into tubular lumen as well as increased urinary activities of NAG-T, NAG-B and ALP) was already evident after 6 weeks with the kidney Cd concentration of 24.09+/-1.72 micro g/g wet weight. In rats exposed to 50 mg Cd/l, a lack of regular contour of glomeruli was noted after 12 weeks, whereas after 24 weeks thickening of capillary vessels and widening of filtering space were evident. After 24 weeks of exposure to Cd, increased urea concentration in the serum with simultaneous decrease in its level in the urine, indicating decreased clearance of urea, and increased excretion of total protein were observed, but endogenous creatinine clearance remained unaffected. At the lower exposure, symptoms of structural, but not functional, damage to the glomeruli were also evident after 24 weeks of the experiment. Our results provide evidence that chronic exposure to Cd dose-dependently damages (structurally and functionally) the whole kidney. The injury affects the main resorptive part (proximal convoluted tubules and straight tubules) and the filtering part (glomeruli) of the nephron. But the target site for Cd action is the main tubule. We hypothesize that the threshold for Cd effects on the kidney is less than 4.08+/-0.33 micro g/g wet kidney weight and greater than 2.40+/-0.15 micro g/g (at this Cd concentration no symptoms of kidney damage were noted), and it may be close to the latter value. A very important finding of this study is that Cd acts on the whole kidney, especially on the main tubules, even at relatively low accumulation in this organ. It confirms the hypothesis that humans environmentally exposed to Cd, especially smokers, are at risk of t...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Changes in the structure and function of the kidney of rats chronically exposed to cadmium. I. Biochemical and histopathological studies

et al. 2003

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“…Occupational and environmental epidemiology studies on Cd exposure usually depend on un-repeated determination of parameters in urine especially when working with large populations (e.g., Sartor et al 1992;Berná et al 1997;dell'Omo et al 1999;HoVmann et al 2000;Ikeda et al 2000;Paschal et al 2000;Noonan et al 2002;Ezaki et al 2003;Horiguchi et al 2004). Accordingly, possible biological variation in Cd-exposure related parameters such as Cd-B, Cd-U, 1 -MG-U, 2 -MG-U, and NAG-U is a matter of concern with regard to the reliability of the observation (Fraser and Harris 1989;Manson et al 1998), separate from variation in analytical chemistry.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…rice as the staple food for Japanese populations; Watanabe et al 2000;Tsukahara et al 2003). Accordingly, common practice in general population monitoring is based on single (un-repeated) urine sampling, especially when the size of the target population is large (e.g., Sartor et al 1992;Berná et al 1997;dell'Omo et al 1999;HoVmann et al 2000;Ikeda et al 2000;Paschal et al 2000;Noonan et al 2002;Ezaki et al 2003;Horiguchi et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological variations in cadmium, α1-microglobulin, β2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase in adult women in a non-polluted area

Yamagami

Suna

Fukui

et al. 2007

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Variations in GM values for Cd-U, alpha 1-MG-U, beta 2-MG-U, and NAG-U at different time of sampling are small so that single measurement would be acceptable as far as the evaluation on a group basis is the study objective. Within-subject variations are wide however, the ratio of the largest value over the smallest value being 4-5 or more, irrespective of correction for urine density. Therefore, care should be practiced when evaluation on an individual basis is intended. Very low within-subject variation in Cd-B may suggest the advantage of Cd-B over Cd-U for individual evaluation among general populations if blood sampling is accepted.

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“…The most common sources of chronic exposure, which elevate blood cadmium ions levels, are spray painting of organic based paints without the use of protective breathing apparatus, and smoking [5,6]. The toxicity of lead ions is of particular concern due to the acute toxic effects experienced by children [7 -9].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of Nafion‐Coated Bismuth‐Film Electrode for the Determination of Zinc, Lead, and Cadmium in Blood Samples

et al. 2008

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In this article a sensitive differential pulse stripping voltammetry technique on Nafion-coated bismuth-film electrode (NCBFE) was studied for the simultaneous determination of zinc, cadmium, and lead ions in blood samples at ultra trace levels. The measurement results were in excellent agreement with those obtained from atomic absorption spectroscopy. Various operational parameters were investigated and discussed in terms of their effect on the measurement signals. Under optimal conditions, calibration curves for the simultaneous determination of zinc, cadmium, and lead ions were achieved, based on three times the standard deviation of the baseline, the limits of detection were 0.09 mg L À1 for Cd(II), 0.13 mg L À1 for Pb(II), and 0.97 mg L À1 for Zn(II) respectively.

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Blood cadmium concentrations in the general population of Umbria, Central Italy

Cited by 32 publications

References 23 publications

Changes in the structure and function of the kidney of rats chronically exposed to cadmium. I. Biochemical and histopathological studies

Changes in the structure and function of the kidney of rats chronically exposed to cadmium. I. Biochemical and histopathological studies

Biological variations in cadmium, α1-microglobulin, β2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase in adult women in a non-polluted area

A Study of Nafion‐Coated Bismuth‐Film Electrode for the Determination of Zinc, Lead, and Cadmium in Blood Samples

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