Blood concentrations of α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP) determined in 66 forensic samples

Adamowicz, Piotr; Gieroń, Joanna; Gil, Dominika; Lechowicz, Wojciech; Skulska, Agnieszka; Tokarczyk, Bogdan; Zuba, Dariusz

doi:10.1007/s11419-016-0306-0

Cited by 28 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…It is worth noting that α‐pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α‐PVP), one of the “second generation” of pyrrolidinophenones that belongs to the group of synthetic cathinones, has been found to be related to more cases of self‐injury, aggressive behavior, and suicidal ideations reported by emergency department staff and first responders . Several cases of death have also been associated with exposure to α‐PVP . Considering the increase in the abuse of α‐PVP, developing a sensitive method for its determination in biological samples is necessary.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…LC/MS has high sensitivity and involves relatively easy sample preparation prior to analysis. Adamowicz et al measured the concentration of α‐PVP in 66 forensic specimens using LC/MS, which showed the levels ranging widely from 1.1 to 6200 ng mL −1 . Gas chromatography (GC)/MS is an alternative for confirming the presence of α‐PVP and its derivatives, since the mass spectra generated using electron ionization under specific conditions (70 eV) have high reproducibility .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12,13 Several cases of death have also been associated with exposure to α-PVP. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Considering the increase in the abuse of α-PVP, developing a sensitive method for its determination in biological samples is necessary.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adamowicz et al measured the concentration of α-PVP in 66 forensic specimens using LC/MS, which showed the levels ranging widely from 1.1 to 6200 ng mL −1 . 19 Gas chromatography (GC)/MS is an alternative for confirming the presence of α-PVP and its derivatives, since the mass spectra generated using electron ionization under specific conditions (70 eV) have high reproducibility. 15,16,18,[21][22][23][24] To compensate for the principal limitation of GC/MS, sample concentration to improve method sensitivity and derivatization to increase the thermal stability and volatility of the analytes are commonly coupled to GC/MS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of synthetic cathinone α‐pyrrolidinovalero‐phenone and its metabolite in urine using solid‐phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Cheng

Hsieh

Chen

et al. 2020

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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Rationale The presence of α‐pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α‐PVP) and its metabolites in urine is evidence of the administration of α‐PVP. A toxicological challenge is that the metabolites of α‐PVP exhibit amphoteric properties, which make them unsuitable for detection using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In the study reported, proper derivatization and sample extraction were essential for improving the sensitivity for GC/MS analysis. Methods An automated solid‐phase extraction (SPE) method has been developed and optimized. The derivatization efficiency was tested using longer reaction time and the addition of polar pyridine into a mixture of N,O‐bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) with 1% trimethylchlorosilane. Method validation, including linearity, limit of detection, precision, accuracy, and recovery, was evaluated using automatic SPE and GC/MS. Results The results suggested that adding pyridine to BSTFA (1:1, v/v) significantly improved derivatization efficiency and precision. After optimization, the linear range was from 25 to 1000 ng mL−1 with R2 > 0.9950. The limit of detection was 5 ng mL−1 for α‐PVP and 25 ng mL−1 for OH‐α‐PVP. The recovery for SPE was over 88%. The inter‐day and intra‐day precisions were less than 15%. A forensic sample has been found containing α‐PVP (67.3 ng mL−1) and OH‐α‐PVP (560.2 ng mL−1). Conclusions This study is the first to validate an auto‐SPE‐GC/MS method for the quantification and qualification of α‐PVP and OH‐α‐PVP in urine. We have successfully improved the derivatization efficiency and developed a sensitive and semi‐automatic approach. This approach is desirable for the detection of synthetic cathinone at trace levels in biological samples.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Determination of synthetic cathinone α‐pyrrolidinovalero‐phenone and its metabolite in urine using solid‐phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Cheng

Hsieh

Chen

et al. 2020

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…[1] It is a selective and potent inhibitor of dopamine and norepinephrine transporters (DAT, NET), alike the classic stimulants cocaine . [5][6][7] There are many case reports in the literature concerning intoxications and deaths in which α-PVP was the only substance detected as well as cases of multi-drug poisoning. [3,4] Administration of α-PVP can lead to some severe side effects, such as tachycardia, pressure spikes, mydriasis, hyperthermia, restlessness, hallucination, agitation, convulsions, or even death.…”

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confidence: 99%

Alpha‐PVP as an active component of herbal highs in Poland between 2013 and 2015

Byrska

Stanaszek

Zuba

2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Alpha-PVP (alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone, α-PVP) is a synthetic derivative of cathinone. It has been one of the most frequently detected new psychoactive substances (NPS) available on the drug market in recent years in Poland. The usual routes of administration of the drug include oral, insufflation, and injection. Unexpectedly, we dealt with a great number of herbal samples that turned out to contain α-PVP. A total number of 352 herbal samples from 19 cases in which we detected synthetic cathinones, were investigated in the Institute of Forensic Research (IFR) from 2013 to 2015. The seized products that were received by our laboratory were first screened by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Quantification of α-PVP and other cathinones was performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (UPLC-PDA). Of the samples, 84% contained only α-PVP. Other groups of products were those containing only α-PVT, α-PVP and α-PVT, α-PVP and synthetic cannabinoid A-834, 735, and α-PVP and cannabis. In one herbal sample, α-PVP was detected along with caffeine and tadalafil. The herbal products present on the market containing only α-PVP usually had a mass of 0.3 to 0.6 g, and concentration range in this group of samples was 3.0-44.0% (content: 13.0-222.0 mg per package). The amount of α-PVP in samples below 0.30 g was in a range 9-18 mg whiles in samples above 0.60 g it was in the range 30-716 mg. There were also products containing a mixture of α-PVP and α-PVT. In those samples, α-PVP concentrations were: 3.0-6.0% (amount: 15.0-34.0 mg). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Intoxication cases associated with the novel designer drug 3′,4′‐methylenedioxy‐α‐pyrrolidinohexanophenone and studies on its human metabolism using high‐resolution mass spectrometry

Grapp

Kaufmann

Schwelm

et al. 2020

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Among the increasing number of new psychoactive substances, 3′,4′‐methylenedioxy‐α‐pyrrolidinohexanophenone (MDPHP) belongs to the group of synthetic cathinones, which are the derivatives of the naturally occurring compound cathinone, the main psychoactive ingredient in the khat plant. Currently, only limited data are available for MDPHP, and no information is available on its human metabolism. We describe the toxicological investigation of nine cases associated with the use of MDPHP during the period February–June 2019. Serum MDPHP concentrations showed a high variability ranging from 3.3 to 140 ng/mL (mean 30.3 ng/mL and median 16 ng/mL). Intoxication symptoms of the described cases could not be explained by the abuse of MDPHP alone because in all cases the co‐consumption of other psychotropic drugs with frequent occurrence of opiates and benzodiazepines could be verified. Therefore, the patients showed different clinical symptoms, including aggressive behaviour, delayed physical response, loss of consciousness and coma. Liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry was successfully used to investigate the human in vivo metabolism of MDPHP using authentic human urine samples. The metabolism data for MDPHP were further substantiated by the analysis of human urine using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS, a widely used systematic toxicological analysis method appropriate for the toxicological detection of MDPHP intake), which revealed the presence of seven phase I metabolites and three phase II metabolites as glucuronides. GC‐MS spectral data for MDPHP and metabolites are provided. The identified metabolite pattern corroborates the principal metabolic pathways of α‐pyrrolidinophenones in humans.

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Blood concentrations of α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP) determined in 66 forensic samples

Cited by 28 publications

References 16 publications

Determination of synthetic cathinone α‐pyrrolidinovalero‐phenone and its metabolite in urine using solid‐phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Determination of synthetic cathinone α‐pyrrolidinovalero‐phenone and its metabolite in urine using solid‐phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Alpha‐PVP as an active component of herbal highs in Poland between 2013 and 2015

Intoxication cases associated with the novel designer drug 3′,4′‐methylenedioxy‐α‐pyrrolidinohexanophenone and studies on its human metabolism using high‐resolution mass spectrometry

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