Blood flow restriction during low-intensity resistance exercise increases S6K1 phosphorylation and muscle protein synthesis

Fujita, Satoshi; Abe, Takashi; Drummond, Micah J.; Cadenas, Jerson G.; Dreyer, Hans C.; Sato, Yoshiaki; Volpi, Elena; Rasmussen, Blake B.

doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00195.2007

Cited by 400 publications

(465 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Importantly, this accumulation of metabolites may increase muscle cell swelling [25], intramuscular anabolic/anti-catabolic signalling [9,26,27], and muscle fibre recruitment [4,28], which are all thought to be beneficial for muscular adaptation [23]. Furthermore, evidence suggests that the hypoxic environment created during BFR may increase the activation and proliferation of myogenic stem cells, enhancing the hypertrophic response [29].…”

Section: Adaptive Responses and Potential Mechanisms Underpinning Bfrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction: An Updated Evidence-Based Approach for Enhanced Muscular Development

Scott¹,

Loenneke

Slattery³

et al. 2014

Sports Med

268

293

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Key Points• The blood flow restriction (BFR) stimulus should be individualized for each participant. In particular, consideration should be given to the restrictive pressure applied and cuff width used.• BFR elicits the largest increases in muscular development when combined with low-load resistance exercise, though some benefits may be seen using BFR alone during immobilization or combined with low-workload cardiovascular exercise.• For healthy individuals, training adaptations are likely maximized by combining low-load BFR resistance exercise with traditional high-load resistance exercise. 2 AbstractA growing body of evidence supports the use of moderate blood flow restriction (BFR) combined with low-load resistance exercise to enhance hypertrophic and strength responses in skeletal muscle. Research also suggests that BFR during lowworkload aerobic exercise can result in small but significant morphological and strength gains, and BFR alone may attenuate atrophy during periods of unloading.While BFR appears to be beneficial for both clinical and athletic cohorts, there is currently no common consensus amongst scientists and practitioners regarding the best practice for implementing BFR methods. If BFR is not employed appropriately, there is a risk of injury to the participant. It is also important to understand how variations in the cuff application can affect the physiological responses and subsequent adaptation to BFR training. The optimal way to manipulate acute exercise variables, such as exercise type, load, volume, inter-set rest periods and training frequency, must also be considered prior to designing a BFR training program. The purpose of this review is to provide an evidence-based approach to implementing BFR exercise. These guidelines could be useful for practitioners using BFR training in either clinical or athletic settings, or for researchers in the design of future studies investigating BFR exercise.3

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Section: Adaptive Responses and Potential Mechanisms Underpinning Bfrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction: An Updated Evidence-Based Approach for Enhanced Muscular Development

Scott¹,

Loenneke

Slattery³

et al. 2014

Sports Med

268

293

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The anabolic response to exercise-induced metabolic stress is well documented (for a review see Schoenfeld [46] [8,18,[50][51][52]. In an early investigation, Takarada et al [8] examined the physiological responses to 5 sets of bilateral leg extensions (20% 1RM) to exhaustion, either with or without BFR.…”

Section: Concentration Of Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypoxia and Resistance Exercise: A Comparison of Localized and Systemic Methods

et al. 2014

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It is generally believed that optimal hypertrophic and strength gains are induced through moderate-or high-intensity resistance training, equivalent at least 60% of an individual's 1-repetition maximum (1RM). However, recent evidence suggests that similar adaptations are facilitated when low-intensity resistance exercise (~20-50% 1RM) is combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) to the working muscles. Although the mechanisms underpinning these responses are not yet firmly established, it appears that localized hypoxia created by BFR may provide an anabolic stimulus by enhancing the metabolic and endocrine response, and increase cellular swelling and signalling function following resistance exercise. Moreover, BFR has also been demonstrated to increase type II muscle fibre recruitment during exercise.However, inappropriate implementation of BFR can result in detrimental effects, including petechial haemorrhage and dizziness. Further, as BFR is limited to the limbs, the muscles of the trunk are unable to be trained under localized hypoxia. More recently, the use of systemic hypoxia via hypoxic chambers and devices has been investigated as a novel way to stimulate similar physiological responses to resistance training as BFR techniques. While little evidence is available, reports indicate that beneficial adaptations, similar to those induced by BFR, are possible using these methods. The use of systemic hypoxia allows large groups to train concurrently within a hypoxic chamber using multi-joint exercises. However, further scientific research is required to fully understand the mechanisms that cause augmented muscular changes during resistance exercise with a localized or systemic hypoxic stimulus.3

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“…In the present study, KAATSU appears to effectively induce pressure-dependent retention of blood flow, and induce subsequent hemodynamic changes like LBNP. The KAA-TSU training has been reported to result in an increase in muscle mass and muscular strength without any complications (Takarada et al 2000;Abe et al 2006;Fujita et al 2007). And, it can be applied to all types of exercises including treadmill, ergometer, and resistance machines, which can be easily used by astronauts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Femoral blood flow was impaired using the KAATSU technique, which restricts venous blood flow and causes pooling of blood in capacitance vessels distal to the cuff (Takarada et al 2000;Takano et al 2005;Abe et al 2006;Fujita et al 2007;Iida et al 2007). KAATSU was applied to the proximal end of both the thighs as near to the hip joint as possible by using KAATSU belts (65 mm in width and 650 mm in length).…”

Section: Kaatsu Blood Flow Restrictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The KAATSU training is a unique technique of performing low-load exercises such as resistance exercises and treadmill with restricted muscle blood flow that results in an increase in muscle mass and muscular strength comparable to high-intensity training (Takarada et al 2000;Abe et al 2006;Fujita et al 2007). Since KAATSU femoral blood flow restriction induces the retention of blood flow in lower extremities, it reduces venous return, and induces subsequent hemodynamic changes such as decreased SV and CO and increased TPR like LBNP (Stevens and Lamb 1965;Güell et al 1990Güell et al , 1992Melchior et al 1994;Murthy et al 1994;Lee et al 1997;Watenpaugh et al 2000;Iida et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hemodynamic responses to simulated weightlessness of 24-h head-down bed rest and KAATSU blood flow restriction

et al. 2008

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The KAATSU training is a unique method of muscle training with restricting venous blood flow, which might be applied to prevent muscle atrophy during space flight, but the effects of KAATSU in microgravity remain unknown. We investigated the hemodynamic responses to KAATSU during actually simulated weightlessness (6°h ead-down tilt for 24 h, n = 8), and compared those to KAATSU in the seated position before bed rest. KAATSU was applied to the proximal ends of both the thighs. In the seated position before bed rest, sequential incrementing of KAATSU cuff pressure and altering the level of blood flow restriction resulted in a decrease in stroke volume (SV) with an increase in heart rate (HR). KAATSU (150-200 mmHg) decreased SV comparable to standing.Following 24-h bed rest, body mass, blood volume (BV), plasma volume (PV), and diameter of the inferior vena cava (IVC) were significantly reduced. Norepinephrine (NOR), vasopressin (ADH), and plasma renin activity (PRA) tend to be reduced. A decrease in SV and CO induced by KAATSU during the simulated weightlessness was larger than that in the seated position before bed rest, and one of eight subjects developed presyncope due to hypotension during 100 mmHg KAATSU. High-frequency power (HF RR ) decreased during KAATSU and standing, while low-frequency/high-frequency power (LF RR /HF RR ) increased significantly. NOR, ADH and PRA also increased during KAATSU. These results indicate that KAATSU blood flow restriction reproduces the effects of standing on HR, SV, NOR, ADH, PRA, etc., thus stimulating a gravity-like stress during simulated weightlessness. However, syncope due to lower extremity blood pooling and subsequent reduction of venous return may be induced during KAATSU in microgravity as reported in cases of lower-body negative pressure.

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Blood flow restriction during low-intensity resistance exercise increases S6K1 phosphorylation and muscle protein synthesis

Cited by 400 publications

References 52 publications

Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction: An Updated Evidence-Based Approach for Enhanced Muscular Development

Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction: An Updated Evidence-Based Approach for Enhanced Muscular Development

Hypoxia and Resistance Exercise: A Comparison of Localized and Systemic Methods

Hemodynamic responses to simulated weightlessness of 24-h head-down bed rest and KAATSU blood flow restriction

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