Blood groups in pygmies of the Wissellakes in Netherlands New Guinea with anthropological notes by H. J. T. Bijlmer, <i>university of Amsterdam</i>

Graydon, J. J.; Semple, N. M.; Simmons, R. T.; Franken, Saskia C.M.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330160202

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This is consistent with their belonging to a separate linguistic subphylum (Mek), whereas their eastward location associates them with PNG highland populations in the NJ tree. The genetic difference of the Una and Ketengban from the nearby mountain groups reopens the question of the separate origin of New Guinea pygmies, which has long held scientific attention (Pöch, 1904(Pöch, -1905Haddon, 1912;Bijlmer, 1939;Graydon et al, 1958;Gates, 1961;Howells, 1977;Schwartz et al, 1987;Baumann et al, 1991). Moreover, among the Mek-speaking people, the Una are those who share the highest number of haplotypes with the surrounding groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial DNA variability of West New Guinea populations

Tommaseo-Ponzetta

Attimonelli

Robertis

et al. 2001

American J Phys Anthropol

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This paper reports human mitochondrial DNA variability in West New Guinea (the least known, western side of the island of New Guinea), not yet described from a molecular perspective. The study was carried out on 202 subjects from 12 ethnic groups, belonging to six different Papuan language families, representative of both mountain and coastal plain areas. Mitochondrial DNA hypervariable region 1 (HVS 1) and the presence of the 9-bp deletion (intergenic region COII-tRNA(Lys)) were investigated. HVS 1 sequencing identified 73 polymorphic sites defining 89 haplotypes; the 9-bp deletion, which is considered a marker of Austronesian migration in the Pacific, was found to be absent in the whole West New Guinea study sample. Statistical analysis applied to the resulting haplotypes reveal high heterogeneity and an intersecting distribution of genetic variability in these populations, despite their cultural and geographic diversity. The results of subsequent phylogenetic approaches subdivide mtDNA diversity in West New Guinea into three main clusters (groups I-III), defined by sets of polymorphisms which are also shared by some individuals from Papua New Guinea. Comparisons with worldwide HVS 1 sequences stored in the MitBASE database show the absence of these patterns outside Oceania and a few Indonesian subjects, who also lack the 9-bp deletion. This finding, which is consistent with the effects of genetic drift and prolonged isolation of West New Guinea populations, lead us to regard these patterns as New Guinea population markers, which may harbor the genetic memory of the earliest human migrations to the island.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial DNA variability of West New Guinea populations

Tommaseo-Ponzetta

Attimonelli

Robertis

et al. 2001

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…On the other hand, the Wissel Lakes dwarf people in Dutch New Guinea differ greatly except in the B and R x blood groups, as shown below. In reporting the Wissel Lake's results, Graydon et al (1958) say that the separate pygmy groups are very different from each other yet are similar to those of tribes inhabiting nearby areas.…”

Section: Skin Colour Variationmentioning

confidence: 94%

The Melanesian Dwarf Tribe of Aiome, New Guinea

Gates¹

1961

Acta genet. med. gemellol.

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SummaryThe Aiome dwarf tribe in the mountains near the Ramu river and its southern tributaries was studied. Observations, measurements and photographs were made of 15 men and five women who came in a party to the Aiome airstrip. The measurements are embodied in Table 1 (p. 280). They include eye and skin colour; head length and breadth; ear length and breadth and the presence of a lobe; stature; development of brow ridges and relative depression of the nasal root. Other observations are in the text. The mean male stature was 147.9 cm which is roughly the same as that of the Congo Pygmies. The shortest woman was only 125.5 cm. high. The C.I. of the men was 78.51 and the ears are smaller than in most races.The head-dress, decorations and “dances” are illustrated in Figs. 1-18.The skin colour of Papuans is a shade lighter than in the Australian aborigines. In a study of skin colour of Papuans, Macintosh (1960) finds that the natives recognize and have names for three shades of colour. These appear to be due to (1) the homozygous (2) the heterozygous condition, and (3) the absence, of a minor gene for skin colour.The fact that the blood group genes A, B, M, S, R1 and R2 of the Aiome dwarfs are closely similar to those of the tails in the Mount Hagen area justifies the conclusion that a single gene dwarf mutation is involved. The Aiome and Wissel Lake dwarfs (400 miles apart) differ greatly in the frequency of the A, M, S and R2 (cDE) genes, but agree in the B and R1 (CDe) frequencies. The blood groups of the Congo Pygmies similarly agree with those of the Bantu, from whose ancestors they may have been derived.The early literature regarding dwarf races is reviewed and the question of a Negrito race in southeast Asia is discussed. It is concluded that the term Negrito should probably be confined to the dwarf race in the Philippines. They perhaps reached the Philippines from Borneo when the sea-level was down during the last ice age.On the basis particularly of skull form, the Andamanese were probably derived from the tall population of adjacent Malaya or Burma. The significance of their steatopygy and peppercorn hair is not clear, as these characters are found in the South African Bushmen.The Semang of Malaya are mixed and of doubtful origin. The dwarf nature and relationships of the Kadar in South India remains uncertain. The incised designs on their wooden combs suggests a possible very ancient cultural connection with the Malayan dwarfs and the Philippine Negritos. A Negrito-like remnant in Queensland may represent in part the source from which the Tasmanian aborigines developed. The Veddas are outside the Negrito grouping. They are probably Australoids of reduced dimensions who migrated to Ceylon during the last ice age.The various dwarf groups in New Guinea are of local (and probably relatively recent) origin, having no connection with Negritos, who appear to be of much earlier origin, probably before the last ice age. Various localities with populations of different mean stature are listed in Table 3, and others are mentioned in the text.A statistical treatment of Bijlmer's measurements of stature, nasal and cephalic index, with the aid of Dr. Fraser Roberts, shows that many of the groups in Dutch New Guinea are significantly different. A fuller statistical investigation dealing with both stature and blood groups, is required to elucidate this situation. A tentative hypothesis is put forward, involving the fractionation of the original dwarf gene in the process of back-crossing between tails and dwarfs.In New Guinea the coastal people are the tallest, those in the higher mountain areas are conspicous dwarfs, populations in intermediate areas being shorter in different degrees than the coastal tribes. That crossing takes place is shown by the occurrence of occasional men who are much taller than the rest of their group or tribe. Further studies of Papuan statures should also throw light on the origin of multiple genes for stature.

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“…Much of the speculation on their possible origin was reduced when-on the basis of biochemical analyses carried out on pygmoid groups that had settled on the eastern half of the island- Graydon et al (1958), Gates (1961), and Boyd (1963) concluded that the NG pygmies, as well as other pygmy groups from other regions of the world, were more similar to their neighbors than among themselves. It was therefore assumed that the NG pygmies could be regarded solely as a phenotypic variation of nearby mountain populations.…”

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confidence: 99%

Mountain Pygmies of Western New Guinea: A Morphological and Molecular Approach

Tommaseo-Ponzetta¹,

Mona²,

Calabrese³

et al. 2013

Human Biology

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The presence of "pygmy" or pygmoid groups among New Guinea populations has been the object of scientific interest since the end of the nineteenth century. Morphological and molecular data are used here to study western New Guinea population variability, focusing in particular on two pygmoid groups living in the eastern fringe highlands of Papua: the Una and the Ketengban. Various kinds of anthropometric data are examined, as well as height, weight, and body mass index, to carry out comparisons with nearby ethnic groups living in the highland and lowland regions. The Ketengban data were also compared with other data recorded 20 years before. The results of previous research on the sequencing of the mitochondrial DNA hypervariable segment 1 region and nuclear DNA nonrecombining Y-chromosome polymorphisms are presented. Both morphological and molecular studies involve adult subjects of both genders, representative of the same ethnic groups and/ or geographic regions.The pygmoid groups turn out to be significantly different from all other study groups, due to their small size, as confirmed by analysis of variance, although significant height and weight increments are observed with respect to those previously recorded. However, putative neutral genetic variation estimated from mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome markers support a recent shared common history between these pygmoid populations and the other central Papua groups (except for the Dani-Lani). These findings suggest that the short-stature phenotype is an independent secondary adaptation, possibly driven by an iodinedeficient environment, which leaves the potential for further investigations. Abstract The presence of "pygmy" or pygmoid groups among New Guinea populations has been the object of scientific interest since the end of the nineteenth century. Morphological and molecular data are used here to study western New Guinea population variability, focusing in particular on two pygmoid groups living in the eastern fringe highlands of Papua: the Una and the Ketengban. Various kinds of anthropometric data are examined, as well as height, weight, and body mass index, to carry out comparisons with nearby ethnic groups living in the highland and lowland regions. The Ketengban data were also compared with other data recorded 20 years before. The results of previous research on the sequencing of the mitochondrial DNA hypervariable segment 1 region and nuclear DNA nonrecombining Y-chromosome polymorphisms are presented. Both morphological and molecular studies involve adult subjects of both genders, representative of the same ethnic groups and/ or geographic regions. The pygmoid groups turn out to be significantly different from all other study groups, due to their small size, as confirmed by analysis of variance, although significant height and weight increments are observed with respect to those previously recorded. However, putative neutral genetic variation estimated from mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome markers support a recent shared common history ...

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Blood groups in pygmies of the Wissellakes in Netherlands New Guinea with anthropological notes by H. J. T. Bijlmer, university of Amsterdam

Cited by 10 publications

References 15 publications

Mitochondrial DNA variability of West New Guinea populations

Mitochondrial DNA variability of West New Guinea populations

The Melanesian Dwarf Tribe of Aiome, New Guinea

Mountain Pygmies of Western New Guinea: A Morphological and Molecular Approach

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