Blood lead levels in Japanese children: Effects of passive smoking

Kaji, Masahide; Gotoh, Mikio; Takagi, Yasuko; Masuda, Hiroyuki

doi:10.1007/bf02931969

Cited by 12 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…They reported BPb concentration of 23 children aged \1 year to be 1.83 lg/dL. Kaji [10], in collaboration with Kobayashi and Yoshida [11] Based on the BPb distribution of the present study (Fig. 1), the probability of exceeding the US CDC action level (10 lg/dL) was negligible.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

“…The first report was by Kaji et al [9]; the arithmetic mean BPb of 188 children ([1 year) of Shizuoka region in 1993 was 3.16 lg/dL (range 0.80-9.51 lg/dL). They reported BPb concentration of 23 children aged \1 year to be 1.83 lg/dL.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To the best of our knowledge, there are only two reports on children's blood, taken in Shizuoka in 1993 and in 2004-2005 [9][10][11]. This scarcity of data may be related to the notion that Japan has been one of the least Pb-contaminated countries in the world, because early phase-out of leaded gasoline was achieved by the mid1980s and it is not the custom to paint residences; residential paint used in some countries in the past was Pb based and a well-known source of Pb poisoning [12] and elevated BPb [13] of children in such countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blood lead levels of contemporary Japanese children

Yoshinaga

Takagi

Yamasaki

et al. 2011

Environ Health Prev Med

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Objectives Lead concentrations in whole blood (BPb) of Japanese children were measured to obtain insight into the sources of variation and to estimate health risk. Methods Blood samples were taken from 352 children (aged 1-14 years) at pediatric clinics/hospitals in 3 regions of Japan (Tokyo, Shizuoka, and Osaka) during [2005][2006] (Shizuoka only) and 2008-2010 (3 regions), and BPb was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after acid digestion. Results Geometric mean BPb of the 352 children was 1.07 lg/dL, among the lowest in the world. Based on this result, the probability of exceeding BPb 10 lg/dL, the action level proposed by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in general Japanese children was estimated to be negligible. There was a significant negative correlation between BPb and age, while sex difference was not significant. BPb was significantly lower in subjects in Tokyo than in the other two regions. Age-adjusted mean BPb was significantly higher in children with a family member who smoked in their presence than in those who did not have such a family member, indicating that passive smoking had a significant effect on BPb.Conclusions Health risk of lead exposure is minimal in Japanese children. To lower the exposure level further, reduction of passive smoking is suggested as one of the effective measures.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blood lead levels of contemporary Japanese children

Yoshinaga

Takagi

Yamasaki

et al. 2011

Environ Health Prev Med

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“…Summarizing these findings, the critical organ of lead toxicity in children is also thought to be the central nervous system. The main sources of lead exposure in American children were floor lead loading, poor housing conditions, paint chip ingestion, and soil ingestion 86) , and the mean BPb level from infants to schoolchildren decreased gradually [87][88][89][90] . Neurological disorders may not arise if the timing between the most susceptible period of the brain and the peak exposure of lead are subtly different 91) .…”

Section: Recent Perspective On Lead Toxicity In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead Toxicity: Does the Critical Level of Lead Resulting in Adverse Effects Differ between Adults and Children?

Murata

Iwata

Dakeishi

et al. 2009

Journal of Occupational Health

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µg/dl for industrial workers and 5 µg/dl for children. To examine whether the critical level of lead producing adverse effects truly differs between workers and children, we provided an overview of studies addressing the critical level of lead in workers, together with a perspective on lead toxicity in children. Data sources and extraction: In 25 reports published in English with keywords of "benchmark dose (BMD)," "lead" and "humans," only five studies proved to be relevant to lead toxicity. Four more studies with figures illustrating significant relationships between lead and neurotoxic outcomes were selected. Data synthesis: Based on data from previous reports using a BMD approach, the critical organ of lead in workers was thought to be the nervous system and the critical BPb level (numberweighted mean) was between 10.7 and 17.5 µg/dl. The neurotoxic effects of lead exposure at such levels seemed reversible. The BPb level at which leadassociated intellectual deficits occurred in children was as low as the critical level of BPb (below 5 µg/dl) for inhibited heme synthesis in workers. Conclusions: The neurotoxic effects of lead in workers appear to be initiated at BPb levels below 18 µg/dl, which are somewhat higher than the critical level of lead neurotoxicity in children. Each national institute for risk Review management should take evidence-based preventive action against subclinical lead poisoning in workers, as well as in children. (J Occup Health 2009; 51: 1-12)

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“…Moreover, the lead level in food in Japan has been found to be in the lowest range in the world (8). Consequently, the blood lead level in Japanese children, measured in 1993 (9), was relatively low compared to those of other countries (10)(11)(12)(13)(14).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Exposure Assessment of Lead among Japanese Children

Aung

Yoshinaga

Takahashi

2004

Environ. Health Prev. Med.

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Objective: Lead intake from possible exposure routes among children residing in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area was estimated.Methods: Lead concentrations in house dust samples collected from the houses of the children and those in 24-h duplicate diet samples of the children were determined. The daily lead intake was estimated by multiplying the lead concentrations in the house dust, diet, soil and ambient air (the latter two were from the literatures) by the corresponding intake and/or inhalation rates, and summing all of the products. Bioaccessibility tests were performed on the house dust, soil and diet samples to determine the lead uptake level.Results: Children residing in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area were estimated to be exposed to 21.5 μg of lead on a daily basis, with a maximum intake of up to 70.4 μg. The average weekly intake per kg body weight for a 5-year-old Japanese child was found to be 8.0 μg/kg bw/wk, which is below the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) of 25 μg/kg bw/wk. However, the maximum weekly intake was found to be 26 μg/kg bw/wk.Conclusions: House dust and soil ingestion can be the predominant routes of exposure to lead among children in Japan, and the source(s) of lead in such media must be specified to reduce the lead intake level of the children.

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Blood lead levels in Japanese children: Effects of passive smoking

Cited by 12 publications

References 12 publications

Blood lead levels of contemporary Japanese children

Blood lead levels of contemporary Japanese children

Lead Toxicity: Does the Critical Level of Lead Resulting in Adverse Effects Differ between Adults and Children?

Exposure Assessment of Lead among Japanese Children

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