Blood pressure control and its associated factors in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes

Abstract

In this retrospective study, the medical records of hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes attending two major hospitals were reviewed to find the factors associated with poor blood pressure control in patients who have diabetes as a comorbid disease with hypertension. Binary regression analysis was conducted to find the factors independently associated with BP control. A total of 522 participants were included in the study. Most of the participants had uncontrolled hypertension (63.4%) and uncontrolled type 2 diabetes (51.3%). Regression results revealed that having retinopathy (OR=1.468 (95% CI: 1.020-2.113), p<0.05), and not receiving dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors were independently associated with uncontrolled BP (OR=0.633 (95%CI 0.423-0.946), p<0.05). Therefore, greater efforts should be exerted to improve BP control in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes, particularly in those suffering from retinopathy.

Factors associated with glycemic control in patients with T2DM: evidence from a cross-sectional study in China

“…In the present investigation, the results of the multifactorial logistic regression analysis revealed that the OR of insulin therapy was 2.233, indicating a significant association between insulin therapy and glycemic control. This aligns with the findings reported by A S Jarab et al [ 7 ], where the receipt of insulin was associated with an associated with the likelihood of achieving controlled blood glucose. Insulin therapy has emerged as a prevalent and effective strategy for managing fasting blood glucose levels in patients.…”

Factors associated with glycemic control in patients with T2DM: evidence from a cross-sectional study in China

“…In the present investigation, the results of the multifactorial logistic regression analysis revealed that the OR of insulin therapy was 2.233, indicating a signi cant association between insulin therapy and glycemic control. This aligns with the ndings reported by A S Jarab et al [5], where the receipt of insulin was associated with an associated with likelihood of achieving controlled blood glucose. Insulin therapy has emerged as a prevalent and effective strategy for managing fasting blood glucose levels in patients.…”

Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory, Angiogenic, and Apoptotic molecules in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema Patients

“…Currently, the most widely used key actions for DR/DME include strong metabolic control and the occurrence of related comorbidities (hypertension blood pressure (HBP), dyslipidemia, obesity, etc.) [15,[22][23][24]. However, for the advanced cases, laser treatment, intravitreal therapy (anti-angiogenic, steroid), and vitreoretinal surgery are required.…”

“…In fact, excessive ROS function as signaling amplifiers to specifically activate cellular stress pathways (protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)), leading to the activation of inflammation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis [22,[30][31][32]. Polyol pathway activation (aldose reductase converting excess glucose to sorbitol) contributes to oxidative stress (OS) by increasing the NADH/NAD+ ratio [23,33]. Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), formed by the process of nonenzymatic binding of glucose to proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, can lead to important changes in the structure and function of proteins, the generation of OS, and inflammation, with the increased expression of lipid peroxidation (LPO) byproducts [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38], pro-inflammatory cytokines [39,40], and growth factors [37,41,42].…”