Blood sugar levels are higher in obese young children in Sweden than in Poland

Hagman, Emilia; Arani, Perna Ighani; Fischer, Manjula; Danielsson, Pernilla; Marcinkiewicz, Katarzyna; Petriczko, Elżbieta; Marcus, Claude

doi:10.1111/apa.12760

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The findings in Sweden were different from the other countries in that there was a more marked increase of both LDL‐ and HDL‐cholesterol in the intervention than in the control regions. A significantly higher level of fasting glucose in Swedish children has also been observed previously in two studies comparing obese Swedish and Polish or obese Swedish and German children . Several explanations not related to insulin resistance were suggested for these findings, such as differences in genetic traits, in levels of vitamin D or exposure to viral infections .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Impact of a community based health‐promotion programme in 2‐ to 9‐year‐old children in Europe on markers of the metabolic syndrome, the IDEFICS study

et al. 2015

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Summary Introduction One objective of ‘Identification and prevention of Dietary‐and lifestyle‐induced health EFfects In Children and infantS’, the IDEFICS study, was to implement a community‐oriented childhood obesity prevention intervention in eight European countries. Objective To assess the effect of an obesity primary prevention programme on metabolic markers. Methods The study had a non‐randomized cluster‐experimental design. In each country, children were recruited from distinct communities serving as intervention and control regions. Health examinations were done during 2007–2008 before the intervention (T0) and during 2009–2010 (T1). Children with results available from T0 and T1 on blood pressure, waist circumference and at least one blood‐marker (fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA‐IR, HbA1c, HDL‐ and LDL‐cholesterol, triglycerides, C‐reactive protein) were included. A metabolic syndrome (MetS) score was calculated. Results A total of 7,406 children (age 2–9.9 years) of the 16,228 participating at T0 provided the necessary data. No effect of the intervention was seen on insulin, HOMA‐IR, CRP or the MetS score. Overall fasting glucose increased less in the intervention than in the control region, a pattern driven by three of the eight countries and more pronounced in children of parents with low education. Overall, HbA1c and waist circumference increased more and blood pressure less in the intervention regions. Conclusion We observed no convincing effect of the intervention on markers of the metabolic syndrome. We identified diverse patterns of change for several markers of uncertain relation to the intervention. © 2015 World Obesity

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Impact of a community based health‐promotion programme in 2‐ to 9‐year‐old children in Europe on markers of the metabolic syndrome, the IDEFICS study

et al. 2015

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“…Hagman et al in her studies pointed out those regional differences in glucose levels exist. A study that compared the plasma glucose level between Swedish and Polish children concluded that obese Swedish children have higher glucose levels in comparison to obese children from Poland [ 53 ]. Also, the risk of having impaired plasma glucose is higher in obese children from Sweden compared to obese children in Germany [ 54 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Profiles in Obese Children and Adolescents with Insulin Resistance

Kostovski

Simeonovski

Mironska

et al. 2018

Open Access Maced J Med Sci

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BACKGROUND:In the past several decades, the increasing frequency of overweight and obese children and adolescents in the world has become a public health problem. It has contributed significantly to the already high tide of diabetes, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.AIM:To investigate the frequency of insulin resistance and to evaluate the metabolic profile of insulin resistant and non-insulin resistant obese children and adolescents.SUBJECTS AND METHODS:The study included 96 (45 boys, 51 girls) obese children and adolescents aged 4-17 years old (10.50 ± 2.87 years). Only participants with Body Mass Index ≥ 95 percentile were included. We analysed sera for fasting insulin levels (FI), fasting serum triglycerides (TG), total serum cholesterol (TC), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and plasma glucose 2 hours after the performance of the oral glucose tolerance test (2-h G). Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index was calculated as fasting insulin concentration (microunits per millilitre) x fasting glucose concentration (millimolar)/22.5. The value of HOMA-IR above 3.16 was used as a cut-off value for both genders.RESULTS:Insulin resistance was determined in 58.33% of study participants. Insulin resistant participants had significantly higher level of 2-h G (p = 0.02), FI level (p = 0.000) as well as TG levels (p = 0.01), compared to non-insulin resistant group. Strikingly, 70.73% of the pubertal adolescents were insulin resistant in comparison to 49.09% of the preadolescents (p = 0.03). Significantly higher percentage of insulin-resistant participants were girls (p = 0.009). Moreover, a higher percentage of the girls (70.59%) than boys (44.44%) had HOMA-IR above 3.16 and had elevated FI levels (70.59% vs 48.89%). The difference in the frequency of insulin resistance among obese versus severely obese children and adolescents was not significant (p = 0.73, p > 0.05). Our study results also showed positive, but weak, correlation of HOMA-IR with age, FPG, TG and BMI of the participants (p < 0.05).CONCLUSION:Higher percentage of insulin-resistant participants was of female gender and was adolescents. In general, insulin resistant obese children and adolescents tend to have a worse metabolic profile in comparison to individuals without insulin resistance. It is of note that the highest insulin resistance was also linked with the highest concentrations of triglycerides.

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“… 26 However, these results are probably not contradictory as we have previously shown that obese children in general have elevated fasting glucose levels compared with normal weight children. 12 It is therefore possible that obesity and overweight contribute to the observed difference in T2DM risk observed in the population-based study of fasting glucose and future T2DM risk. 26 Indeed, in the present study, we observed an 18.5 times higher risk for T2DM medication collection among obese children and adolescents with NFG than in the control group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 10 , 11 However, IFG is also prevalent in pre-pubertal obese children. 12 Factors shown to affect the risk for IFG in the obese young population include gender, age and degree of obesity. 9 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between impaired fasting glycaemia in pediatric obesity and type 2 diabetes in young adulthood

et al. 2016

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Objectives:In adults, impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) increases the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to investigate to which extent children with obesity develop T2DM during early adulthood, and to determine whether IFG and elevated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in obese children are risk markers for early development of T2DM.Methods:In this prospective cohort study, 1620 subjects from the Swedish Childhood Obesity Treatment Registry – BORIS who were ⩾18 years at follow-up and 8046 individuals in a population-based comparison group, matched on gender age and living area, were included. IFG was defined according to both ADA (cut-off 5.6 mmol l−1) and WHO (6.1 mmol l−1). Elevated HbA1c was defined according to ADA (cut-off 39 mmol l−1). Main outcome was T2DM medication, as a proxy for T2DM. Data on medications were retrieved from a national registry.Results:The childhood obesity cohort were 24 times more likely to receive T2DM medications in early adulthood compared with the comparison group (95% confidence interval (CI): 12.52–46). WHO-defined IFG predicted future use of T2DM medication with an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 3.73 (95% CI: 1.87–7.45) compared with those who had fasting glucose levels <5.6 mmol l−1. A fasting glucose level of 5.6–6.0 mmol l−1, that is, the IFG-interval added by American Diabetes Association (ADA), did not increase the use of T2DM medication more than pediatric obesity itself, adjusted HR=1.72 (0.84–3.52). Elevated levels of HbA1c resulted in an adjusted HR=3.12 (1.50–6.52). More severe degree of obesity also increased the future T2DM risk.CONCLUSION:IFG according to WHO and elevated HbA1c (39–48 mmol l−1), but not the additional fasting glucose interval added by ADA (5.6–6.0 mmol l−1), can be considered as prediabetes in the obese pediatric population in Sweden.

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Blood sugar levels are higher in obese young children in Sweden than in Poland

Abstract: Swedish obese young children had higher glucose levels than Polish obese young children. This suggests that Swedish obese children face a higher risk of the prediabetic stage impaired fasting glycaemia.

Cited by 10 publications

References 28 publications

Impact of a community based health‐promotion programme in 2‐ to 9‐year‐old children in Europe on markers of the metabolic syndrome, the IDEFICS study

Impact of a community based health‐promotion programme in 2‐ to 9‐year‐old children in Europe on markers of the metabolic syndrome, the IDEFICS study

Metabolic Profiles in Obese Children and Adolescents with Insulin Resistance

Association between impaired fasting glycaemia in pediatric obesity and type 2 diabetes in young adulthood

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