Bloom of the two dinoflagellates Ceratium furca and Diplopsalis lenticula in a mangrove estuary of Thailand

Abstract

Knowledge of the planktonic species that appear in mangrove estuaries in tropical areas is still poor. We believe that case report data on the appearance of species is important for clarifying the ecosystem of the mangrove estuary. We report in this paper on the occurrence of blooms and discuss the factors that influence blooming, based on an observed bloom consisting of two dinoflagellates in the mangrove estuary of Samut Songkhram, Thailand, in December 2012. From fluorescence microscopic observation of the armors of the dinoflagellates after calcofluor white staining, we identified these dinoflagellates as Ceratium furca and Diplopsalis lenticula. In addition, from the annual data on air temperature and precipitation for that year, it was found that the bloom occurred in early dry season. Additionally, diatoms that inhibit the growth of dinoflagellates were observed at low densities. These results suggested that the two dinoflagellates, C. furca and D. lenticula, grew during disappearance of diatoms.

Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms on the Ecuadorian Coast (1997–2017): Integrating Remote Sensing and Biological Data

“…Stein) (Lindemann, 1924) DINO NOC 1 4.00 Kempton et al, 2002;Saburova et al, 2012;Merino-Virgilio et al, 2014 Jiménez andGualancañay, 2006;Torres, 2011 Levanderina fissa (Levander) (Moestrup et al, Thangaraja et al, 2007;Wang et al, 2008;Ibrahem and Al-Shawi, 2015;Razali et al, 2015Torres, 2000, 2016Coello, 2003; Prorocentrum gracile (Schütt, 1895) DINO NOC 2 Gul and Saifullah, 2011;Muciño-Márquez et al, 2015;Anderson et al, 2017 Jiménez andIntriago, 2001; Tripos furca (Ehrenberg) (Gómez, 2013) DINO NOC 2 3 Edwards et al, 2006;Ibrahem and Al-Shawi, 2015;Razali et al, 2015;Yurimoto et al, 2015Torres, 2000To...…”

Palynomorph Assemblages Dominated by Heterotrophic Marine Palynomorphs in Tropical Coastal Shallow-water Sediments from the Southern Myanmar Coast

“…If preferable prey organisms like diatoms occurred at such low cell densities, C. furca at high cell densities could be a possible alternative prey organism for D. lenticula. However, there was no evidence that D. lenticula digested C. furca in the study observation by Yurimoto et al (2015). This means that no microscopic organisms such as diatoms were present as prey for these two species.…”

“…The following observation might be helpful for understanding abundant heterotrophic dinoflagellate cysts with less abundant prey organisms (e.g., diatoms) in the present study. Yurimoto et al (2015) reported interesting red-tide blooms along the coast of the Gulf of Thailand, consisting of two ecologically different dinoflagellate species-photo/mixotrophic Ceratium furca and heterotrophic Diplopsalis lenticula. C. furca is a non-cyst producing gonyaulacacean dinoflagellate that may form dense blooms in coastal waters in the southern part of the Andaman Sea (Karthik et al 2014) and in other areas.…”

“…Another species causing dense blooms in the Gulf of Thailand was a cyst-forming heterotrophic species (Diplopsalis lenticula belonging to Protoperidiniaceae) that can consume other microorganisms such as diatoms like Ditylum brightwellii (Naustvoll 1998). However, according to Yurimoto et al (2015), diatom densities were rather low when D. lenticula formed dense blooms. If preferable prey organisms like diatoms occurred at such low cell densities, C. furca at high cell densities could be a possible alternative prey organism for D. lenticula.…”

“…On the other hand, D. lenticula can also consume bacteria and possibly microflagellates instead of phytoplankton, which occur abundantly in tropical coastal waters (Gasol & Vaque 1993). Unfortunately, Yurimoto et al (2015) did not report densities on bacteria when both species formed blooms in the Gulf of Thailand. D. lenticula cysts were observed around Kandan Island, as were other protoperidiniacean dinoflagellate cysts.…”