Blue laccase from Galerina sp.: Properties and potential for Kraft lignin demethylation

Synergistic effect of pretreatment and hydrolysis enzymes on the production of fermentable sugars from date palm lignocellulosic waste

“…The most important lignin degrading enzyme is laccase, which has been successfully used for lignin degradation of lignocelluloses [6][7][8]. Laccase has also been used for the degradation of nonphenolic lignin [9].…”

Laccase production by Galerina sp. and its application in dye decolorization

“…The fungal culture was filtered using filter paper and the enzyme in the filtrate was partially purified using a combination of anion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatographies as described earlier (Ibrahim et al, 2011). A medium molecular mass chitosan (750 kDa) (Fluka) was cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (Sigma) according to Zhang et al (2009) and extensively washed with water to remove the excess glutaraldehyde.…”

“…Unlike most fungal cultures, which need more than five days of cultivation to produce detectable amount of laccase (Arora and Gill, 2000;Galhaup et al, 2002), laccase activity appeared on the 2 nd day and peaked to about 265 U L -l on the 8 th day of cultivation. The fungus was able to produce at least four laccase isoforms and the major laccase was purified to homogeneity, characterized and used to modify lignin (Ibrahim et al, 2011). As shown in Figure 1, lower amounts of lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase were produced; however no versatile peroxidase activity was detected.…”

“…Recently, we have purified and characterized a laccase from a Galerina species (Ibrahim et al, 2011), belonging to the group of litter degrading basidiomycetes growing invariably on dead bryophytes, on woody materials or on other plant debris. This paper reports studies on the production of laccase by this organism and its ability to decolorize a toxic azo dye and a triphenylmethane dye.…”

Hydrothermal Degradation of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Lignin in Water-Isopropyl Alcohol Co-Solvent

“…Hence, many methods have been adopted to activate lignin, such as hydroxymethylation (Yu et al 2012), demethylation (Ibrahim et al 2011), phenolation (Du et al 2014), sulfonation (Ouyang et al 2009), and degradation, including hydrothermal (Kang et al 2013), thermal (Brebu and Vasile 2010), and catalytic degradation (Zhang et al 2014), as well as biodegradation (Chen et al 2012). Among them, hydrothermal degradation plays a key role in lignin degradation because water and alcohol as environmentally friendly co-solvents are usually applied during the hydrothermal process.…”