“…Brønsted acids or Lewis acids, such as HBF 4 [23], H 3 PW 12 O 40 [24], InBr 3 [25], ZrCl 4 [26], Fe(OTs) 3 •6H 2 O [27], and Ce(NO 3 ) 3 •6H 2 O [28], have been traditionally used as catalysts. In recent years, some novel catalysts, including organocatalysts [29,30], biocatalysts [31], immobilized urease [32], PS-PEG-SO 3 H [33], Ti-graftedpolyamidoamine dendritic silica hybrid catalyst [34], halogenated macroporous sulfonic resins [35], polyaniline-supported FeCl 3 [36], cobalt supported on alumina catalyst [37], and ionic liquid [38][39][40][41] have attracted great attention for use in the Biginelli reaction. These catalysts, for their uses in accomplishing the Biginelli reaction, have produced varying degrees of success.…”