BNT162b2 Protection against the Omicron Variant in Children and Adolescents

Zeng, Guangting

doi:10.1056/nejmc2205107

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Notably, the mean age of infected patients was observed to be significantly higher compared to healthy individuals, which was later demonstrated to have a significant prediction of mild-to-moderate infection severity transition that was absent in the higher severity score. Although this finding contradicts the reportedly higher susceptibility of elders relative to developing severe infection observed during the early waves of wild-type COVID-19 [ 32 ], our study coincided with the circulation of SARS-coV-2 variants B.1.617.2 “delta” and Omicron; both associated with a high risk of acute infection among unvaccinated adolescents and children [ 33 ].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 89%

Evaluation of circulating insulin-like growth factor-1, heart-type fatty acid-binding protein, and endotrophin levels as prognostic markers of COVID-19 infection severity

Mohamed,

Nour,

Mosbah

et al. 2023

Virol J

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Background Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a worldwide pandemic challenge spreading enormously within a few months. COVID-19 is characterized by the over-activation of the immune system causing cytokine storm. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) pathway can regulate the immune response via interaction with various implicated cytokines. Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) has been shown to promote inflammation. Given the fact that coronavirus infections induce cytokines secretion leading to inflammatory lung injury, it has been suggested that H-FABP levels are affected by COVID-19 severity. Moreover, endotrophin (ETP), the cleavage product of collagen VI, may be an indicator of an overactive repair process and fibrosis, considering that viral infection may predispose or exacerbate existing respiratory conditions, including pulmonary fibrosis. This study aims to assess the prognostic capacity of circulating IGF-1, HFABP, and ETP, levels for COVID-19 severity progression in Egyptian patients. Methods The study cohort included 107 viral RNA-positive patients and an equivalent number of control individuals with no clinical signs of infection. Clinical assessments included profiling of CBC; serum iron; liver and kidney functions; inflammatory markers. Circulating levels of IGF-1; H-FABP, and ETP were estimated using the corresponding ELISA kits. Results No statistical difference in the body mass index was detected between the healthy and control groups, while the mean age of infected patients was significantly higher (P = 0.0162) than the control. Patients generally showed elevated levels of inflammatory markers including CRP and ESR concomitant with elevated serum ferritin; D dimer and procalcitonin levels, besides the COVID-19 characteristic lymphopenia and hypoxemia were also frequent. Logistic regression analysis revealed that oxygen saturation; serum IGF-1, and H-FABP can significantly predict the infection progression (P < 0.001 each). Both serum IGF-1 and H-FABP as well as O2 saturation showed remarkable prognostic potentials in terms of large AUC values, high sensitivity/specificity values, and wide confidence interval. The calculated threshold for severity prognosis was 25.5 ng/mL; 19.5 ng/mL, 94.5, % and for IGF-1, H-FABP, and O2 saturation; respectively. The calculated thresholds of serum IGF-1; H-FABP, and O2 saturation showed positive and negative value ranges of 79–91% and 72–97%; respectively, with 66–95%, 83–94% sensitivity, and specificity; respectively. Conclusion The calculated cut-off values of serum IGF-1 and H-FABP represent a promising non-invasive prognostic tool that would facilitate the risk stratification in COVID-19 patients, and control the morbidity/mortality associated with progressive infection.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 89%

Evaluation of circulating insulin-like growth factor-1, heart-type fatty acid-binding protein, and endotrophin levels as prognostic markers of COVID-19 infection severity

Mohamed,

Nour,

Mosbah

et al. 2023

Virol J

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“…Some included data from more than one country ( n = 4) ( 67 , 82 , 87 , 95 ). Most studies were conducted in the UK ( n = 33) ( 10 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 18 , 24 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 49 , 50 , 53 , 54 , 56 , 65 , 69 , 71 , 85 , 94 , 97 ) or the USA ( n = 34) ( 9 , 12 , 17 , 21 , 22 , 26 , 28 , 32 , 33 , 36 , 37 , 46 , 48 , 52 , 55 , 59 , 60 , 64 , 66 , 67 , 70 , 72 , 73 , 79 – 84 , 87 – 89 , 91 , 95 ). Of the studies reporting in the UK, 14 were conducted specifically in England ( 10 , 13 , 14 , 24 , 42 , 49 , 50 , 53 ), 5 in Scotland ( 54 , 85 , 97 ), and 3 in Wales ( n = 3) ( 18 , 65 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most studies investigated the VE of one of the mRNA vaccines ( n = 85) ( 8 – 79 , 81 – 92 ), whereas 29 ( 8 , 10 , 13 , 14 , 23 , 24 , 31 , 35 , 43 , 49 , 50 , 54 , 56 , 58 , 62 , 65 , 68 , 69 , 71 , 76 , 85 , 86 , 93 – 99 ) examined the AstraZeneca vaccine ( Supplementary Tables 1 , 2 ). In total, 13 ( 8 , 16 , 31 , 40 , 45 , 49 , 53 , 56 , 62 , 75 , 85 ) studies determined VE after the first dose only, 36 ( 11 , 15 , 24 , 28 , 32 , 35 , 36 , 44 , 48 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 57 , 58 , 60 , 63 , 65 , 70 , 72 – 74 , 77 , 80 , 86 – 89 , 93 – 95 , 99 ) determined VE after the secon...…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The timing of follow-up post-vaccination differed; some authors ( n = 30) ( 15 , 19 , 25 – 27 , 29 – 31 , 34 , 37 , 38 , 41 , 42 , 46 , 61 , 64 – 67 , 71 , 79 , 80 , 82 , 86 , 87 , 90 , 92 ) determined VE beginning 7 days post-vaccination after the first or second dose, whereas others ( n = 62) ( 8 – 10 , 16 , 17 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 28 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 39 , 43 – 45 , 47 , 48 , 50 – 52 , 54 , 55 , 57 – 60 , 62 , 63 , 68 – 70 , 72 , 73 , 76 – 78 , 81 , 83 – 85 , 88 , 91 , 94 , 96 , 98 , 99 ) followed participants beginning 14 or more days after receiving the first or second dose of the vaccine. Twenty-two studies ( 8 , 11 – 14 , ...…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 for Pfizer BioNTech, Moderna, and AstraZeneca vaccines: a systematic review

Reynolds,

Dewey,

Asfour

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

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The purpose of this systematic review was to report on the vaccine efficacy (VE) of three SARS-CoV-2 vaccines approved by Health Canada: Pfizer BioNTech, Moderna, and AstraZeneca. Four databases were searched for primary publications on population-level VE. Ninety-two publications matched the inclusion criteria, and the extracted data were separated by vaccine type: mRNA vaccines (Pfizer and Moderna) and the AstraZeneca vaccine. The median VE for PCR-positive patients and various levels of clinical disease was determined for the first and second doses of both vaccine types against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. The median VE for PCR-positive infections against unidentified variants from an mRNA vaccine was 64.5 and 89%, respectively, after one or two doses. The median VE for PCR-positive infections against unidentified variants from the AstraZeneca vaccine was 53.4 and 69.6%, respectively, after one or two doses. The median VE for two doses of mRNA for asymptomatic, symptomatic, and severe infection against unidentified variants was 85.5, 93.2, and 92.2%, respectively. The median VE for two doses of AstraZeneca for asymptomatic, symptomatic, and severe infection against unidentified variants was 69.7, 71, and 90.2%, respectively. Vaccine efficacy numerically increased from the first to the second dose, increased from the first 2 weeks to the second 2 weeks post-vaccination for both doses, but decreased after 4 months from the second dose. Vaccine efficacy did not differ by person's age.

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“…Myocarditis is known to be a complication of COVID-19 vaccination, and in the initial phase of vaccination was one of the major feared complications of COVID-19 vaccination. Multiple studies, such as the one by Price et al, have concluded that the benefits of COVID-19 vaccination far outweigh the risk and drastically reduce the mortality from fulminant COVID-19 myocarditis [11]. In our patient, personal and community beliefs against COVID-19 vaccination were thought to have played a key role in the patient and her family refusing COVID-19 vaccinations during as well as after the pandemic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Severe COVID-19 Myocarditis in a Young Unvaccinated Patient

Pokhriyal¹,

Pasha²,

Devi³

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) myocarditis is a rare but serious complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and has been associated with high-case fatality. For a very long time, since the beginning of the pandemic, there were no definitive guidelines to diagnose and manage this condition, probably secondary to the gaps in understanding the exact pathophysiology of the disease. We present the case of a young, unvaccinated female, with no comorbidities, who had an aggressively progressive COVID-19 myocarditis that was fatal. The patient presented with exertional dyspnea of two days duration and was found to be tachycardic with a heart rate ranging between 130-150 beats per minute. A nasopharyngeal swab for SARS CoV-2 was positive and a bedside echocardiogram showed a low ejection fraction of 20%. Within hours of presenting, she experienced a rapid decompensation requiring intubation. Due to fulminant myocarditis with cardiogenic shock, the patient was planned for cardiac catheterization, Impella placement, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support. The cardiac catheterization revealed non-obstructive coronary arteries and the hemodynamics suggested biventricular failure. However, around the time of the cardiac catheterization procedure, she had two events of cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity and unfortunately could not be revived after the second arrest despite all resuscitative efforts.

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BNT162b2 Protection against the Omicron Variant in Children and Adolescents

Cited by 12 publications

References 7 publications

Evaluation of circulating insulin-like growth factor-1, heart-type fatty acid-binding protein, and endotrophin levels as prognostic markers of COVID-19 infection severity

Evaluation of circulating insulin-like growth factor-1, heart-type fatty acid-binding protein, and endotrophin levels as prognostic markers of COVID-19 infection severity

Vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 for Pfizer BioNTech, Moderna, and AstraZeneca vaccines: a systematic review

Severe COVID-19 Myocarditis in a Young Unvaccinated Patient

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