T HE THIRD SECTOR has long played an important role in providing professional (if not always paid) opportunities for women. Settlement houses, philanthropic societies, and activist organizations are often founded and led by women-particularly during the Progressive Era-creating a space for women in the public realm (Skocpol, 1992). Schachter (2002) credits women reformers with expanding the administrative state and notes, "As many traditional institutions were still closed to female participation, women contributed by joining new institutions and movements" (p. 563). Since that time, the nonprofit sector has remained an important space for fostering women's participation in public life. Today nonprofits employ women across the socioeconomic spectrum, while early nonprofits were largely accessible only to educated women of means. Nonprofit organizations continue to provide important professional opportunities for women, who hold nearly 60 percent of their jobs (Smith, Kalleberg, and Marsden, 2003). What is more, women hold jobs that are mission critical and central to nonprofits' purpose, unlike in for-profit firms, where women comprise a smaller proportion of core employment. Gibelman (2000)