BOARD-INVITED REVIEW: St. Anthony's Fire in livestock: Causes, mechanisms, and potential solutions1,2

Strickland, J. R.; Looper, M. L.; Matthews, J. C.; Rosenkrans, C. F.; Flythe, Michael D.; Brown, Kelly R.

doi:10.2527/jas.2010-3478

Cited by 177 publications

(187 citation statements)

References 201 publications

(237 reference statements)

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“…These ergot alkaloids possess toxicity due to interactions with α-adrenergic, serotinergic and dopaminergic receptors 1,2,3 . An excess intake by humans can cause nausea, convulsions, hallucinations, vasoconstriction and even lead to gangrenous symptoms and abortion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of Suspension Polymerized Molecularly Imprinted Beads with Metergoline as Template and Application in a Solid-Phase Extraction Procedure toward Ergot Alkaloids

Lenain

Mavungu²,

Dubruel³

et al. 2012

Anal. Chem.

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The first successfully developed molecularly imprinted polymer toward six ergot alkaloids and their respective epimers is described. A new imprinting molecule, metergoline, was used as template analogue in the production of suspension polymerized beads. These spherical particles functioned as selective sorbent in a solid-phase extraction column. The application of this column in the cleanup of barley samples prior to liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry allowed simple and cost-efficient sample preparation. The performance of the imprinted polymer and a non-imprinted control polymer was evaluated. This includes determination of the recovery values and the matrix effect of each of the 12 tested ergot alkaloids as well as a crossreactivity study with 25 common mycotoxins. The binding isotherms were obtained for metergoline, thus allowing comparison with other (imprinted) sorbents. A comparison between bulk and suspension polymerization is provided to determine the appropriate production technique. E rgot alkaloids are mycotoxins produced by Claviceps species, specifically Claviceps purpurea. These fungi can be found on cereals and produce sclerotia, which vary in composition and concentration of ergot alkaloids. The sclerotia are harvested together with the grains and only up to 80% of the kernels can be removed with the mechanical separation techniques currently available. Especially in periods of drought these techniques become unreliable as smaller sclerotia, similar in size to the grains, are produced. Generally, sclerotia are also broken during transport, allowing them to enter the food chain more easily.These ergot alkaloids possess toxicity due to interactions with α-adrenergic, serotinergic, and dopaminergic receptors. 1−3 Excess intake by humans can cause nausea, convulsions, hallucinations, and vasoconstriction and can even lead to gangrenous symptoms and abortion. Animals are infected through consumption of contaminated feed. This is a widespread phenomenon in livestock leading to adverse effects ranging from weight loss to death of infected animals. [4][5][6]2,7 The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) stated in 2005 that the degree of variability in ergot alkaloid pattern in relation to fungal species, host plant, and geographical distribution is not known. 5 Six ergot alkaloidsergometrine, ergosine, ergotamine, ergocristine, ergocryptine, and ergocornine which are considered the most important ones according to EFSA, are depicted in Figure 1. An isomerization from the biologically active R-form to the biologically inactive S-form occurs at the C 8 stereogenic center of the tetracyclic ergoline structure in a reversible epimerization reaction. 8,9,6 The suffix "-ine" is used in the nomenclature if the side chain is present in the R-form at the C 8 stereogenic center, for example, ergotamine. The side chain is present in the S-orientation in the corresponding epimer which is expressed by the suffix "-inine", for example, ergotaminine. This reaction is promoted in humid, aqueous,...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Animals are infected through consumption of contaminated feed. This is a widespread phenomenon in livestock leading to adverse effects ranging from weight loss to death of infected animals 4,5,6,2,7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Suspension Polymerized Molecularly Imprinted Beads with Metergoline as Template and Application in a Solid-Phase Extraction Procedure toward Ergot Alkaloids

Lenain

Mavungu²,

Dubruel³

et al. 2012

Anal. Chem.

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“…59 The toxicity of F. elatior is due to infection by the endophyte fungus Neotyphodium coenophialum, which produces ergot alkaloids. 77 This mycotoxicosis is very important in the southwestern United States but has also been reported in several other countries, 10,80 35,50 and Uruguay. 61 The endophyte is transmitted only through the seed, but because noninfected plants are less resistant to drought and environmental stress, they die and are replaced by endophyte-infected plants originating from seeds that remain in the soil.…”

Section: Ergotismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acremonium coenophialum) cause diseases in ruminants and horses, including gangrenous ergotism (also known as fescue foot in cases of F. elatior poisoning), dysthermic ergotism (also known as summer toxicosis, hyperthermia, idiopathic bovine hyperthermia, and dysthermic syndrome), and a reproductive form (causing agalactia or hypogalactia). 6,10,35,59,65,77,80 Fescue poisoning has also been associated with necrosis of the abdominal fat in cattle. 78 Nervous ergotism caused by C. purpurea, as it is known in human beings, has not been fully documented in domestic animals, and the reported cases were most probably caused by indole-triterpene alkaloids in Claviceps paspali.…”

Section: Ergotismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxicoses of ruminants and horses

et al. 2013

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Abstract. In the current study, mycotoxicoses of ruminants and horses are reviewed, with an emphasis on the occurrence of these diseases in South America. The main mycotoxicoses observed in grazing cattle include intoxications by indole-diterpenoid mycotoxins (Paspalum spp. contaminated by Claviceps paspali, Lolium perenne infected by Neotyphodium lolii, Cynodon dactylon infected by Claviceps cynodontis, and Poa huecu), gangrenous ergotism and dysthermic syndrome (hyperthermia) caused by Festuca arundinacea (syn. Festuca elatior) infected by Neotyphodium coenophialum (syn. Acremonium coenophialum), and photosensitization in pastures contaminated by toxigenic Pithomyces chartarum. Other mycotoxicoses in grazing cattle include slaframine toxicity in clover pastures infected by Rhizoctonia leguminicola and diplodiosis in cattle grazing in corn stubbles. The mycotoxicoses caused by contaminated concentrated food or byproducts in cattle include poisoning by toxins of Aspergillus clavatus, which contaminate barley or sugar beetroot by-products, gangrenous ergotism or dysthermic syndrome caused by wheat bran or wheat screenings contaminated with Claviceps purpurea, and acute respiratory distress caused by damaged sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas). The main mycotoxicosis of horses is leukoencephalomalacia caused by the fumonisins B1 and B2 produced by Fusarium spp. Poisoning by C. purpurea and F. elatior infected by N. coenophialum has also been reported as a cause of agalactia and neonatal mortality in mares. Slaframine toxicosis caused by the ingestion of alfalfa hay contaminated by R. leguminicola has also been reported in horses.

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“…Hoveland (1993) estimated over $600 million in annual beef cattle losses from reduced calf births and lower weaning weights. Strickland et al (2011) expanded this estimate to exceed $1 billion annually with the inclusion of the negative impact to small ruminant and equine industries. The human population is estimated to climb and stabilize at ∼9 billion by 2050 (Lutz and Samir, 2010).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Investigations of Ergot Alkaloids Incorporated into Plant and/or Animal Systems

2015

Frontiers Research Topics

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BOARD-INVITED REVIEW: St. Anthony's Fire in livestock: Causes, mechanisms, and potential solutions1,2

Cited by 177 publications

References 201 publications

Development of Suspension Polymerized Molecularly Imprinted Beads with Metergoline as Template and Application in a Solid-Phase Extraction Procedure toward Ergot Alkaloids

Development of Suspension Polymerized Molecularly Imprinted Beads with Metergoline as Template and Application in a Solid-Phase Extraction Procedure toward Ergot Alkaloids

Mycotoxicoses of ruminants and horses

Recent Investigations of Ergot Alkaloids Incorporated into Plant and/or Animal Systems

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